The 95th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from January 3, 1977, to January 3, 1979, during the final weeks of Gerald Ford's presidency and the first two years of Jimmy Carter's presidency.
The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the 1970 United States census. Both chambers maintained a Democratic supermajority, and with Jimmy Carter being sworn in as president on January 20, 1977, this gave the Democrats an overall federal government trifecta for the first time since the 90th Congress ending in 1969.
As of 2022, this was the most recent Congress to approve an amendment (the unratified District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment) to the Constitution. This is the last time the Democratic Party or any political party held a 2/3 supermajority in the House.
This is the last congress to at any point have no female senators (from its beginning, January 3, 1977, until the swearing-in of Muriel Humphrey (D-MN) on January 25, 1978; and again from the departure of both Humphrey and Maryon Allen (D-AL) on November 7, 1978, to the early swearing-in of Nancy Kassebaum (R-KS) on December 23, 1978).[1]
Major events
1977 was the last year to have men serving as all 100 U.S senators
January 20, 1977: Inauguration of President Jimmy Carter
July 13, 1977: New York City blackout of 1977
January 1, 1978: The Northern Mariana Islands left the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands to become a Commonwealth of the United States, making it unincorporated and organized.
February 8, 1978: Senate proceedings are broadcast on radio for the first time.
August 7, 1978: Love Canal Disaster
September 17, 1978: Camp David Accords
Hearings
Project MKULTRA – (Church Committee, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Senate Human Resources subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research)
Major legislation
August 3, 1977: Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–87, 91 Stat. 445
August 4, 1977: Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–91, 91 Stat. 565
October 7, 1977: Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–124, 91 Stat. 1098
October 12, 1977: Community Reinvestment Act, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–128, title VIII, 91 Stat. 1147
November 23, 1977: Saccharin Study and Labeling Act of 1977, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–203, 91 Stat. 1451
December 27, 1977: Clean Water Act, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–217, 91 Stat. 1566
December 28, 1977: International Emergency Economic Powers Act, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–223, title II, 91 Stat. 1626
February 6, 1978: Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation Act of 1977, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–225, 92 Stat. 7
March 10, 1978: Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–242, 92 Stat. 120
October 10, 1978: Susan B. Anthony Dollar Coin Act of 1979, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–447, 92 Stat. 1072
October 12, 1978: Inspector General Act of 1978, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–452, 92 Stat. 1101
October 13, 1978: Civil Service Reform Act, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–454, 92 Stat. 1111
October 24, 1978: Airline Deregulation Act, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–504, 92 Stat. 1705
October 25, 1978: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–511, 92 Stat. 1783
October 26, 1978: Ethics in Government Act, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–521, 92 Stat. 1824
October 27, 1978: Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–523, 92 Stat. 1887
October 31, 1978: Pregnancy Discrimination Act, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–555, 92 Stat. 2076
November 1, 1978: Contract Disputes Act, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–563, 92 Stat. 2383
November 4, 1978: Solar Photovoltaic Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1978, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–590, 92 Stat. 2513
November 6, 1978: Bankruptcy Act of 1978, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–598, 92 Stat. 2549
November 8, 1978: Indian Child Welfare Act, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–608, 92 Stat. 3069
November 8, 1978: Amateur Sports Act of 1978 Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–606, 92 Stat. 3045
November 9, 1978: National Energy Conservation Policy Act, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–619, 92 Stat. 3206
Constitutional amendments
August 22, 1978: Approved an amendment to the United States Constitution granting the District of Columbia full representation in the United States Congress, full representation in the Electoral College system, and full participation in the process by which the Constitution is amended, and submitted it to the state legislatures for ratification
This amendment, commonly known as the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment, was later rendered inoperative, as it was not ratified within the seven–year time frame set by Congress.
Treaties ratified
March 16, 1978: First of the Torrijos-Carter Treaties (Panama Canal) treaty: "The Treaty Concerning the Permanent Neutrality and Operation of the Panama Canal", commonly known as the "Neutrality Treaty"
April 19, 1978: Second of the Torrijos-Carter Treaties treaty, commonly known as "The Panama Canal Treaty"
Party summary
Senate
House of Representatives
Leadership
Senate
President: Nelson Rockefeller (R), until January 20, 1977
Walter Mondale (D), from January 20, 1977
President pro tempore: James Eastland (D)
Permanent Acting President pro tempore: Lee Metcalf (D), until January 12, 1978
Deputy President pro tempore: Hubert Humphrey (D), until January 13, 1978
Majority (Democratic) leadership
Majority Leader: Robert Byrd
Majority Whip: Alan Cranston
Democratic Caucus Secretary: Daniel Inouye
Democratic Campaign Committee Chairman: Wendell Ford
Minority (Republican) leadership
Minority Leader: Howard Baker
Minority Whip: Ted Stevens
Republican Conference Chairman: Carl Curtis
Republican Conference Secretary: Clifford Hansen
National Senatorial Committee Chair: Bob Packwood
Policy Committee Chairman: John Tower
House of Representatives
Speaker: Tip O'Neill (D)
Majority (Democratic) leadership
Majority Leader: Jim Wright
Majority Whip: John Brademas
Chief Deputy Majority Whip: Dan Rostenkowski
Democratic Caucus Chairman: Tom Foley
Democratic Caucus Secretary: Shirley Chisholm
Democratic Campaign Committee Chairman: James C. Corman
Minority (Republican) leadership
Minority Leader: John Jacob Rhodes
Minority Whip: Robert H. Michel
Republican Conference Chairman: John B. Anderson
Republican Conference Vice-Chairman: Samuel L. Devine
Republican Conference Secretary: Jack Edwards
Policy Committee Chairman: Del M. Clawson
Republican Campaign Committee Chairman: Guy Vander Jagt
Caucuses
Congressional Black Caucus
Congressional Hispanic Caucus
Congressional Caucus for Women's Issues
House Democratic Caucus
Senate Democratic Caucus
Members
Senate
In this Congress, Class 2 meant their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 1978; Class 3 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1980; and Class 1 meant their term began in this Congress, facing re-election in 1982.
House of Representatives
Members of the House of Representatives elected statewide at-large, are preceded by "At-large", and the names of those elected from districts, are preceded by their district numbers.
Many of the congressional district numbers are linked to articles describing the district itself. Since the boundaries of the districts have changed often and substantially, the linked article may only describe the district as it exists today, and not as it was at the time of this Congress.
Changes in membership
The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.
Senate
Replacements: 11
Democratic: 3 seat net loss
Republican: 3 seat net gain
Deaths: 4
Resignations: 5
Vacancy: 0
Total seats with changes: 9
House of Representatives
Replacements: 6
Democratic: 4 seat net loss
Republican: 4 seat net gain
Deaths: 6
Resignations: 21
Contested election: 0
Total seats with changes: 25
Committees
Lists of committees and their party leaders for members of the House and Senate committees can be found through the Official Congressional Directory at the bottom of this article. The directory after the pages of terms of service lists committees of the Senate, House (Standing with Subcommittees, Select and Special) and Joint and, after that, House/Senate committee assignments. On the committees section of the House and Senate in the Official Congressional Directory, the committee's members on the first row on the left side shows the chairman of the committee and on the right side shows the ranking member of the committee.
Joint committees
Atomic Energy (Chair: Vacant; Vice Chair: Sen. Henry M. Jackson)
Congressional Operations (Chair: Sen. Lee Metcalf; Vice Chair: Rep. Jack Brooks)
Defense Productions (Chair: Sen. William Proxmire; Vice Chair: Rep. Parren Mitchell)
Economic (Chair: Rep. Richard Walker Bolling; Vice Chair: Sen. Hubert H. Humphrey)
Taxation (Chair: Rep. Al Ullman; Vice Chair: Sen. Russell B. Long)
The Library (Chair: Rep. Lucien Nedzi; Vice Chair: Sen. Howard Cannon)
Printing (Chair: Sen. Howard Cannon; Vice Chair: Rep. Frank Thompson Jr.)
Employees
Legislative branch agency directors
Architect of the Capitol: George M. White
Attending Physician of the United States Congress: Freeman H. Cary
Comptroller General of the United States: Elmer B. Staats
Director of the Congressional Budget Office: Alice M. Rivlin
Librarian of Congress: Daniel J. Boorstin
Public Printer of the United States: Thomas F. McCormick, until 1977
John J. Boyle, from 1977
Senate
Chaplain: Edward L.R. Elson (Presbyterian)
Curator: James R. Ketchum
Historian: Richard A. Baker
Parliamentarian: Murray Zweben
Secretary: Francis R. Valeo, until March 31, 1977
J. Stanley Kimmitt, from March 31, 1977
Librarian: Roger K. Haley
Sergeant at Arms: Frank "Nordy" Hoffman
Secretary for the Majority: J. Stanley Kimmitt, until March 31, 1977
James H. Duffy, from March 31, 1977
Secretary for the Minority: William Hildenbrand
House of Representatives
Chaplain: Edward G. Latch (Methodist)
Clerk: Edmund L. Henshaw Jr.
Doorkeeper: James T. Molloy
Parliamentarian: William Holmes Brown
Reading Clerks: Bob Berry (R), Charles W. Hackney Jr. (D)
Postmaster: Robert V. Rota
Sergeant at Arms: Kenneth R. Harding
See also
List of new members of the 95th United States Congress
1976 United States elections (elections leading to this Congress)
1976 United States presidential election
1976 United States Senate elections
1976 United States House of Representatives elections
1978 United States elections (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
1978 United States Senate elections
1978 United States House of Representatives elections
Notes
References
Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
External links
Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
U.S. House of Representatives: Congressional History
U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists
House of Representatives Session Calendar for the 95th Congress(PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
Congressional Pictorial Directory for the 95th Congress.
Official Congressional Directory for the 95th Congress, 1st Session.
Official Congressional Directory Supplement for the 95th Congress, 2nd Session.