The Mammalia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae forms one of six classes of animals in Carl Linnaeus's tenth reformed edition written in Latin.
The following explanations are based on William Turton's translations who rearranged and corrected earlier editions published by Johann Friedrich Gmelin, Johan Christian Fabricius and Carl Ludwig Willdenow:
Animals that suckle their young by means of lactiferous teats. In external and internal structure they resemble man: most of them are quadrupeds; and with man, their natural enemy, inhabit the surface of the Earth. The largest, though fewest in number, inhabit the ocean.
Linnaeus divided the mammals based on the number, situation, and structure of their teeth; mammals have the following characteristics:
Heart: two auricles, 2 ventricles. Warm, dark red blood;
Lungs: respires alternately;
Jaw: incombent, covered. Teeth usually within jaw;
Teats: lactiferous;
Organs of sense: tongue, nostrils, eyes, ears, and papillae of the skin;
Covering: hair, which is scanty in warm climates, hardly any on aquatics;
Supports: four feet, except in aquatics; and in most a tail. Walks on the Earth and speaks.
Oldfield Thomas scrutinized Linnaeus's chapter on mammals in 1911 and attempted to find missing type species and type localities.
Primates
Primates have four cutting upper parallel fore-teeth, except in some bat species which have two or none; solitary tusks in each jaw, one on each side; two pectoral teats; two feet and hands; flattened, oval nails; and they eat fruits.
Homo
Homo sapiens
Homo americanus
Homo europaeus
Homo asiaticus
Homo afer
Homo monstrosus
Homo troglodytes – partly based on myth, partly on orangutans
Simia
Simia satyrus – common chimpanzee and Bornean orangutan
Simia sylvanus – Barbary macaque
Simia sphinx – mandrill
Simia apedia – nomen dubium
Simia silenus – lion-tailed macaque
Simia faunus – species cannot be determined
Simia paniscus – red-faced spider monkey
Simia diana – Diana monkey
Simia cephus – moustached guenon
Simia aygula – nomen oblitum for the crab-eating macaque
Simia hamadryas – hamadryas baboon
Simia jacchus – common marmoset
Simia oedipus – cottontop tamarin
Simia aethiops – grivet
Simia midas – red-handed tamarin
Simia cynamolgos – possibly crab-eating macaque
Simia apella – tufted capuchin
Simia morta – nomen dubium
Simia capucina – white-headed capuchin
Simia sciurea – common squirrel monkey
Simia syrichta – Philippine tarsier
Lemur
Lemur tardigradus – red slender loris
Lemur catta – ring-tailed lemur
Lemur volans – Philippine flying lemur
Vespertilio
Vespertilio vampyrus – large flying fox
Vespertilio spectrum – spectral vampire bat
Vespertilio perspicillatus – Seba's short-tailed bat
Vespertilio spasma – lesser false vampire bat
Vespertilio leporinus – greater bulldog bat
Vespertilio auritus – brown long-eared bat
Vespertilio murinus – parti-coloured bat
Bruta
Bruta do not have fore-teeth, but tusks, feet with strong hoof-like nails; move slowly and eat mostly masticated vegetables.
Elephas
Elephas maximus – Asian elephant
Trichechus
Trichechus manatus – West Indian manatee
Bradypus
Bradypus tridactylus – pale-throated sloth
Bradypus didactylus – Linnaeus's two-toed sloth
Myrmecophaga
Myrmecophaga didactyla – silky anteater
Myrmecophaga tridactyla – giant anteater
Myrmecophaga tetradactyla – southern tamandua
Manis
Manis pentadactyla – Chinese pangolin
Ferae
Ferae usually have six conic fore-teeth in each jaw, longer tusks, grinders with conic projections, feet with subulate claws, and feed on carcasses and prey on other animals.
Phoca
Phoca ursina – northern fur seal
Phoca leonina – southern elephant seal
Phoca rosmarus – walrus
Phoca vitulina – harbour seal
Canis
Canis familiaris – domestic dog
Canis lupus – grey wolf
Canis hyaena – striped hyena
Canis vulpes – red fox
Canis alopex – species cannot be determined
Canis lagopus – Arctic fox
Canis aureus – golden jackal
Felis
Felis leo – lion
Felis tigris – tiger
Felis pardus – leopard
Felis onca – jaguar
Felis pardalis – ocelot
Felis catus – domestic cat
Felis lynx – Eurasian lynx
Viverra
Viverra ichneumon – Egyptian mongoose
Viverra mephitis – striped skunk
Viverra putorius – eastern spotted skunk
Viverra zibetha – large Indian civet
Viverra genetta – common genet
Mustela (weasels, otters, and martens)
Mustela lutris – sea otter
Mustela lutra – Eurasian river otter
Mustela gulo – wolverine
Mustela barbara – tayra
Mustela martes – European pine marten
Mustela putorius – wild ferret
Mustela furo – ferret
Mustela zibellina – sable
Mustela erminea – stoat
Mustela lutreola – European mink
Ursus
Ursus arctos – brown bear
Ursus luscus – wolverine
Ursus meles – Eurasian badger
Ursus lotor – northern raccoon
Bestiae
Bestiae have indefinite numbers of fore-teeth on the sides, always one extra canine, an elongate nose used to dig out juicy roots and vermin.
Glires have two cutting fore-teeth in each jaw, but no tusks, feet with claws formed for running and bounding, and eat bark, roots, and vegetables, which they gnaw.
Rhinoceros
Rhinoceros unicornis – Indian rhinoceros
Rhinoceros bicornis – black rhinoceros
Hystrix
Hystrix cristata – crested porcupine
Hystrix prehensilis – Brazilian porcupine
Hystrix dorsata – North American porcupine
Hystrix macroura – Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine
Hystrix brachyura – Malayan porcupine
Lepus
Lepus timidus – common hare
Lepus cuniculus – European rabbit
Lepus capensis – Cape hare
Lepus brasiliensis – Common tapetí
Castor
Castor fiber – European beaver
Castor moschatus – Russian desman
Mus
Mus porcellus – Guinea pig
Mus leporinus – red-rumped agouti
Mus lemmus – Norway lemming
Mus marmota – Alpine marmot
Mus monax – groundhog
Mus cricetus – European hamster
Mus terrestris
Mus amphibius – European water vole
Mus rattus – black rat
Mus musculus – house mouse
Mus avellanarius – hazel dormouse
Mus sylvaticus – wood mouse
Mus striatus – typical striped grass mouse
Mus longipes - [nomen dubium, no type specimen specified]
Mus jaculus – lesser Egyptian jerboa
Mus volans – southern flying squirrel
Sciurus
Sciurus vulgaris – red squirrel
Sciurus niger – fox squirrel
Sciurus cinereus – Delmarva fox squirrel
Sciurus flavus – [nomen dubium]
Sciurus getulus – Barbary ground squirrel
Sciurus striatus – eastern chipmunk
Sciurus volans – Siberian flying squirrel
Pecora
Pecora do not have upper, not many lower cutting fore-teeth, hoofed, cloven feet, and feed on herbs which they pluck, chewing the cud; four stomachs, a paunch for macerating and ruminating food, a bonnet for reticulating and receiving it, an omasus or maniplies of numerous folds for digesting it, and an abomasus or caille, fasciate, for giving it acescency and preventing putrefaction.
Camelus
Camelus dromedarius – dromedary camel
Camelus bactrianus – domestic Bactrian camel
Camelus glama – domestic llama
Camelus pacos – domestic alpaca
Moschus
Moschus moschiferus – Siberian musk deer
Cervus
Cervus camelopardalis – giraffe
Cervus alces – elk
Cervus elaphus – red deer
Cervus tarandus – reindeer
Cervus dama – fallow deer
Cervus bezoarticus – pampas deer
Cervus capreolus – roe deer
Cervus guineensis – [nomen dubium]
Capra
Capra hircus – goat
Capra ibex – Alpine ibex
Capra rupicapra – chamois
Capra depressa – cannot be determined
Capra reversa – cannot be determined
Capra pygmea – royal antelope
Capra gazella – gemsbok
Capra cervicapra – blackbuck
Capra dorcas – dorcas gazelle
Capra grimmia – common duiker
Capra mambrica – a long-eared domestic goat from Syria
Capra ammon – argali
Ovis
Ovis aries – domestic sheep
Ovis guineensis – domestic sheep from Guinea
Ovis strepsiceros – domestic sheep from Crete
Bos
Bos taurus – cow
Bos bonasus – European bison
Bos bison – American bison
Bos bubalis – domestic water buffalo
Bos indicus – zebu
Bellua
Bellua have obtuse fore-teeth, hoofed feet, move heavily, and feed on vegetables.
Equus
Equus caballus – horse
Equus asinus – donkey
Equus zebra – mountain zebra
Hippopotamus
Hippopotamus amphibius – hippopotamus
Hippopotamus terrestris – South American tapir
Cete
Cete have some cartilaginous, some bony teeth, no nostrils but a fistulous opening in the anterior and upper part of the head, pectoral fins instead of feet, horizontal, flattened tails, no claws, live in the ocean, and feed on mollusca and fish.