Huayna Capac

Wayna Qhapaq (before 1493 – 1527) was the third Sapa Inca of Tawantinsuyu, the Inca Empire. He was the son of and successor to Túpac Inca Yupanqui.,^: 108 the sixth Sapa Inca of the Hanan dynasty, and eleventh of the Inca civilization. He was born in Tumipampa and tutored to become Sapa Inca from a young age.

Tawantinsuyu reached its greatest extent under Wayna Qhapaq, as he expanded the empire's borders south along the Chilean coast, and north through what is now Ecuador and southern Colombia. According to the priest Juan de Velasco he absorbed the Quito Confederation into his empire by marrying Queen Paccha Duchicela, halting a long protracted war. Wayna Qhapaq founded the city Atuntaqui and developed the city Cochabamba as an agriculture and administrative center. The Sapa Inca greatly expanded the Inca road system and had many qullqa (storehouses) built.

Wayna Qhapaq died in 1527, likely from a European disease introduced to the Americas by the Spaniards. The death of him and his eldest son Ninan Cuyochi sparked the Inca Civil War, in which his sons Waskar and Atawallpa fought over succession as the next Sapa Inca. Tawantinsuyu fell to Spanish conquests shortly after Atawallpa's victory.

Names

Wayna Qhapaq's original name was Titu Kusi Wallpa before ascending to Sapa Inca. Wayna Qhapaq has many alternative transliterations, including Guayna Cápac, Guayna Capac, Huain Capac, Guain Capac, Guayana Capac (in Hispanicized spellings), Wayna Kapa, Wayn Capac, Wayana Qhapaq, Wayna Kapak, Wayna Capac, and Wayna Qhapaq. The name comes from Quechua wayna boy, young, young man; qhapaq "the mighty one", "the young mighty one", "powerful young one" or "powerful youth"

Subjects commonly approached Sapa Incas adding epithets and titles when addressing them, such as Wayna Qhapaq Inka Sapa'lla Tukuy Llaqt'a Uya "Unique Sovereign Wayna Qhapaq Listener to All Peoples".

Background and family

The exact place and date of Wayna Qhapaq's birth are unknown. Though he was raised in Cusco, he may have been born in 1468 in Tumebamba (modern Cuenca) and have spent part of his childhood there. He was the son of Túpac Inca Yupanqui (ruled 1471–1493) who had extended Inca rule north into present-day Ecuador, a process continued by Wayna Qhapaq.^: 253

Wayna Qhapaq's first wife was his full sister, Koya "Queen" Coya Cusirimay.^: 109 The couple produced no male heirs, but Wayna Qhapaq sired more than 50 legitimate sons, and about 200 illegitimate children^: 113 with other women. Wayna Qhapaq took another sister, Araua Ocllo, as his royal wife. They had a son they named Thupaq Kusi Wallpa, later known as Waskar.

Other sons included Ninan Cuyochi (the Crown Prince), Atawallpa, Túpac Huallpa, Manco Inca, Paullu Inca, Atoc, Konono, Wanka Auqui, Kizu Yupanqui, Tito Atauchi, Waman Wallpa, Kusi Wallpa, Tilka Yupanqu.^{: 109–112} Some of them later held the title of Sapa Inca, although some later Sapa Inca were installed by the Spaniards.

Among the daughters of Wayna Qhapaq were Coya Asarpay (the First Princess of the Empire), Quispe Sisa, Cura Ocllo, Marca Chimbo, Pachacuti Yamqui, Miro, Kusi Warkay, Francisca Coya and others.^{: 112 : 112, 118}

In addition to Kusi Rimay and Rawa Okllo, Wayna Qhapaq had more than 50 wives including Osika, Lari, Anawarque, Kontarwachu and Añas Qolque.^{:143: 109–112}

Administration

As a "boy chief" or "boy sovereign", Wayna Qhapaq had a tutor, Wallpaya,^:218 a nephew of Túpac Inca Yupanqui. This tutor's plot to assume the Incaship was discovered by his uncle, the Governor Waman Achachi, who had Wallpaya killed.^: 109

In the south, Wayna Qhapaq continued the expansion of Tawantinsuyu into what is now Chile and Argentina, and tried to annex territories towards the north in what is now Ecuador and southern Colombia.

According to the Ecuadorian priest Juan de Velasco Wayna Qhapaq absorbed the kingdom of Quito into the Inca Empire. He supposedly married Paccha Duchicela, the queen of Quito.

Wayna Qhapaq became fond of Ecuador and spent most of his time there, founding cities like Atuntaqui. Wayna Qhapaq rebuilt Quito to make it the "second capital" of the empire, besides Cusco.

As Sapa Inca, he built astronomical observatories in Ecuador such as Ingapirca. Wayna Qhapaq hoped to establish a northern stronghold in the city of Tumebamba, inhabited by the Cañari people. In the Sacred Valley, the sparse remains of one of Wayna Qhapaq's estates and his country palace called Kispiwanka can still be found in the present-day town of Urubamba, Peru.

In what is now Bolivia, Wayna Qhapaq was responsible for developing Cochabamba as an important agriculture and administrative center, with more than two thousand silos (qullqas) for corn storage built in the area. Further north in Ecuador, Wayna Qhapaq's forces attempted to expand into the lowlands of the Amazon basin, reaching the Chinchipe River, but they were pushed back by the Shuar.

Wayna Qhapaq acquired a special fondness for the central Peruvian Andes and its local highlights; he is recorded as having spent time relaxing in the Chinchaycocha lake on the Bombon plateau. Many Inca rafts were brought to the lake directly from Ecuador for his amusement. On its way to Cusco, after Wayna Qhapaq's death in Quito, the procession carrying his body stopped in the vicinity of Shawsha, a city in the central Peruvian Andes, acknowledging the fondness that he had felt for the region, and because the local inhabitants had been some of the most loyal to its causes.

Tawantinsuyu, or the Inca Empire, reached the height of its size and power under his rule, stretching over much of what is now Bolivia, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, and southwestern Colombia. It included varying terrain from high frozen Andes to the densest swamps. His subjects spanned more than two hundred distinct ethnic groups, each with their own customs and languages. The empire spanned 3,500 kilometres (2,200 mi) north to south, comprising the desert coast of Pacific Ocean on the west, the high Andes in the southeast and the forests of the Amazon Basin on the east. A dedicated ruler, Wayna Qhapaq did much to improve the lives of his people. In addition to building temples and other works, Wayna Qhapaq greatly expanded the road network.^: 144 He had qollqa built along it for food so that aid could be quickly rushed to any who were in danger of starvation.

Wayna Qhapaq knew of the Spanish arrival off the coast of his empire^: 131 as early as 1515.

Death and legacy

Wayna Qhapaq died in 1527.^{: 82–83, 85} When Wayna Qhapaq returned to Quito he had already contracted a fever while campaigning in present-day Colombia (though some historians dispute this), likely resulting from the introduction of European disease like measles or smallpox.^{: 117 : 115} The Spaniards had carried a wide variety of deadly diseases to North, Central and South America; and the Indigenous peoples had no acquired immunity against them. Millions of Central- and South Americans died in that epidemic including Wayna's brother, Auqui Tupac Inca, and Wayna's would-be successor and eldest son, Ninan Cuyochi. According to some sources, his sons Atawallpa and Waskar were granted two separate realms of Tawantinsuyu: his favorite Atawallpa, the northern portion centered on Quito; and Waskar, the southern portion centered on Cusco.^: 146 According to other sources, Atuahualpa was acting as provincial governor on behalf of his brother. The two sons reigned peacefully for four to five years before Waskar (or possibly Atawallpa) decided to grab power.^: 89

Waskar quickly secured power in Cusco and had his brother arrested. However, Atawallpa escaped from his imprisonment with the help of his wife. Atawallpa began securing support from Wayna Qhapaq's best generals, Chalcuchímac and Quizquiz, who happened to be near Quito, the nearest major city. Atawallpa rebelled against his brother and won the ensuing civil war, imprisoning Waskar at the end of the war.^: 89–94 Wayna Qhapaq's city of Tumebamba was destroyed during the war. The Spanish Francisco Pizarro and his men ascended into the Andes just as Atawallpa was returning to Cusco after the successful conclusion of his northern campaigns. After launching a surprise attack in Cajamarca and massacring upward of 6,000 Incan soldiers, Pizarro took Atawallpa prisoner. Pizarro's ransom of Atawallpa and his subsequent execution marked the immediate turning point of the Spanish conquest of Tawantinsuyu.

Lost mummy

All the Inca emperors had their bodies mummified after death. Wayna Qhapaq's mummy was housed in his palace in Cusco and was seen by the Spanish conquistadors. Later, it was taken from Cusco to his royal estate of Kispiwanka where it was hidden from the Spanish by Wayna Qhapaq's relatives and servants. At some point it was taken back to Cusco, where it was discovered in 1559 by the Spanish. Along with mummies of 10 other Inca emperors and their wives, the mummy was taken to Lima where it was displayed in the San Andres Hospital. The mummies deteriorated in the damp climate of Lima and eventually they were either buried or destroyed by the Spanish.

An attempt to find the mummies of the Inca emperors beneath the San Andres hospital in 2001 was unsuccessful. The archaeologists found a crypt, but it was empty. The mummies may have been removed when the building was repaired after an earthquake.

References

Further reading

• Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro. The History of the Incas. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2007. Originally published in Spanish in 1572. ISBN 978-0-292-71485-4.
• Helen Pugh, Intrepid Dudettes of the Inca Empire (2020) ISBN 9781005592318

1. History of the Incas
2. Sapa Inca
3. Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
4. Manco Inca Yupanqui
5. Chinchay Suyu
6. Inca Civil War
7. Topa Inca Yupanqui
8. Inca Empire
9. Atahualpa
10. List of conflicts in South America
11. Tumebamba
12. Quispe Sisa
13. Cañari
14. Neo-Inca State
15. Ninan Cuyochi
16. Pre-Columbian Ecuador
17. Mama Ocllo Coya
18. Rahua Ocllo
19. Paccha Duchicela
20. Qullasuyu