Solanum is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solanaceae, comprising around 1,500 species. It also contains the so-called horse nettles (unrelated to the genus of true nettles, Urtica), as well as numerous plants cultivated for their ornamental flowers and fruit.
Solanum species show a wide range of growth habits, such as annuals and perennials, vines, subshrubs, shrubs, and small trees. Many formerly independent genera like Lycopersicon (the tomatoes) and Cyphomandra are now included in Solanum as subgenera or sections. Thus, the genus today contains roughly 1,500–2,000 species.
Name
The generic name was first used by Pliny the Elder (AD 23–79) for a plant also known as strychnos, most likely S. nigrum. Its derivation is uncertain, possibly stemming from the Latin word sol, meaning "sun", referring to its status as a plant of the sun.
Species having the common name "nightshade"
The species most commonly called nightshade in North America and Britain is Solanum dulcamara, also called bittersweet or woody nightshade (so-called because it is a (scandent) shrub). Its foliage and egg-shaped red berries are poisonous, the active principle being solanine, which can cause convulsions and death if taken in large doses. Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) is also generally considered poisonous, but its fully-ripened fruit and its foliage are both cooked and eaten in some areas. Deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) belongs, like Solanum, to subfamily Solanoideae of the nightshade family, but, unlike that genus, is a member of tribe Hyoscyameae (Solanum belongs to tribe Solaneae). The chemistry of Atropa species is very different from that of Solanum species and features the very toxic tropane alkaloids, the best-known of which is atropine.
Taxonomy
The genus was established by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. Its subdivision has always been problematic, but slowly some sort of consensus is being achieved.
The following list is a provisional lineup of the genus' traditional subdivisions, together with some notable species. Many of the subgenera and sections might not be valid; they are used here provisionally as the phylogeny of this genus is not fully resolved yet and many species have not been reevaluated.
Cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data suggest that the present subdivisions and rankings are largely invalid. Far more subgenera would seem to warrant recognition, with Leptostemonum being the only one that can at present be clearly subdivided into sections. Notably, it includes as a major lineage several members of the traditional sections Cyphomandropsis and the old genus Cyphomandra.
Solanum aethiopicum – Ethiopian eggplant, nakati, mock tomato, Ethiopian nightshade; including S. gilo (scarlet eggplant, Gilo or jiló)
Solanum centrale – Australian desert raisin, bush raisin, bush sultana, "bush tomato", akatjurra (Alyawarre), kampurarpa (Pitjantjatjara), merne akatyerre (Arrernte), kutjera
Solanum lycocarpum – Wolf apple, fruta-de-lobo, lobeira (Brazil)
Solanum melissarum Bohs
Solanum nudum Dunal – Forest nightshade
Solanum ovum-fringillae
Solanum paralum
Solanum parishii A.Heller – Parish's nightshade
Solanum physalifolium Rusby
Solanum pinetorum
Solanum polygamum Vahl – Cakalaka berry
Solanum pyrifolium Lam.
Solanum pubescens Willd.
Solanum riedlei Dunal – Riedle's nightshade
Solanum rudepannum Dunal
Solanum rugosum Dunal – tabacon aspero
Solanum sibundoyense
Solanum sodiroi (including S. carchiense)
Solanum sycocarpum
Solanum tenuipes Bartlett – Fancy nightshade
Solanum tobagense
Solanum trilobatum L.
Solanum umbelliferum – Bluewitch nightshade
Solanum violaceum Ortega
Solanum viride Spreng. – Green Nightshade
Solanum woodburyi Howard – Woodbury's nightshade
Formerly placed here
Some plants of other genera were formerly placed in Solanum:
Chamaesaracha coronopus (as S. coronopus)
Cordia alliodora (as S. mucronatum)
Lycianthes biflora (as S. multifidum Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don)
Lycianthes denticulata (as S. gouakai var. angustifolium and var. latifolium)
Lycianthes lycioides (as S. lycioides var. angustifolium)
Lycianthes mociniana (as S. uniflorum Dunal in Poir. and S. uniflorum Sessé & Moc.)
Lycianthes rantonnetii (as S. rantonnetii, S. urbanum var. ovatifolium and var. typicum)
Undetermined species of Lycianthes have been referred to under names such as S. chrysophyllum, S. ciliatum Blume ex Miq., S. corniculatum Hiern, S. lanuginosum, S. retrofractum var. acuminatum, S. violaceum Blume, S. violifolium f. typicum, S. virgatum notst β albiflorum, S. uniflorum Lag. or S. uniflorum var. berterianum.
Ecology
Solanum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species (butterflies and moths).
Toxicity
Most parts of the plants, especially the green parts and unripe fruit, are poisonous to humans (although not necessarily to other animals), with some species even being deadly.
Uses
Many species in the genus bear some edible parts, such as fruits, leaves, or tubers. Three crops in particular have been bred and harvested for consumption by humans for centuries, and are now cultivated on a global scale:
Tomato, S. lycopersicum
Tomato varieties are sometimes bred from both S. lycopersicum and wild tomato species such as S. pimpinellifolium, S. peruvianum, S. cheesmanii, S. galapagense, S. chilense, etc. (such varieties include—among others—Bicentennial, Dwarf Italian, Epoch, Golden Sphere, Hawaii, Ida Red, Indigo Rose, Kauai, Lanai, Marion, Maui, Molokai, Niihau, Oahu, Owyhee, Parma, Payette, Red Lode, Super Star, Surecrop, Tuckers Forcing, V 121, Vantage, Vetomold, and Waltham.)
Potato, S. tuberosum, fourth largest food crop.
Less important but cultured relatives used in small amounts include S. stenotomum, S. phureja, S. goniocalyx, S. ajanhuiri, S. chaucha, S. juzepczukii, S. curtilobum.
Eggplant (also known as brinjal or aubergine), S. melongena
Other species are significant food crops regionally, such as Ethiopian eggplant or gilo (S. aethiopicum), naranjilla or lulo (S. quitoense), Turkey berry (S. torvum), pepino or pepino melon (S. muricatum), Tamarillo (S. betaceum), wolf apple (S. lycocarpum), garden huckleberry (S. scabrum) and "bush tomatoes" (several Australian species).
Ornamentals
The species most widely seen in cultivation as ornamental plants are:
S. aviculare (kangaroo apple)
S. capsicastrum (false Jerusalem cherry, winter cherry)
S. crispum (Chilean potato tree)
S. laciniatum (kangaroo apple)
S. laxum (potato vine)
S. mammosum (Nipplefruit, titty fruit, cow's udder, apple of Sodom)
S. pseudocapsicum (Christmas cherry, winter cherry)
S. rantonnetii (blue potato bush)
S. seaforthianum (Italian jasmine, St. Vincent lilac)
S. mauritianum (woolly nightshade, earleaf nightshade)
S. wendlandii (paradise flower, potato vine)
Medicine
Several species are locally used in folk medicine, particularly by native people who have long employed them.
References
External links
Media related to Solanum at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Solanum at Wikispecies
Dressler, S.; Schmidt, M. & Zizka, G. (2014). "Solanum". African plants – a Photo Guide. Frankfurt/Main: Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg.
Meet the TomTato: Tomatoes and potatoes grown as one – CBS News (September 26, 2013)