There are textual variants in the Hebrew Bible found in the Book of Leviticus.
Legend
Frequently used sigla (symbols and abbreviations) of Hebrew Bible manuscripts and editions include:
List
This list provides examples of known textual variants, and contains the following parameters: Hebrew texts written right to left, the Hebrew text romanised left to right, an approximate English translation, and which Hebrew manuscripts or critical editions of the Hebrew Bible this textual variant can be found in. Greek (Septuagint) and Latin (Vulgate) texts are written left to right, and not romanised. Sometimes additional translation or interpretation notes are added, with references to similar verses elsewhere, or in-depth articles on the topic in question.
servabitis, et ambulabitis, '[you] shall serve, and [you] shall walk' – VgColunga&Turrado.
The verb servāre is the root of the word service; the verb ambulāre is the root of the word ambulance.
Leviticus 18:5
אֲשֶׁ֨ר יַעֲשֶׂ֥ה אֹתָ֛ם הָאָדָ֖ם וָחַ֣י בָּהֶ֑ם, ’ă-šer ya-‘ă-śeh ’ō-ṯām hā-’ā-ḏām wā-ḥay bā-hem, '(because) if a man does [them,] (then/and/that) he shall live by them.' – WLC
אֲשֶׁ֨ר יַעֲשֶׂ֥ה אֹתָ֛ם הָאָדָ֖ם וחיה בָּהֶ֑ם, ’ă-šer ya-‘ă-śeh ’ō-ṯām hā-’ā-ḏām wā-ḥā-yāh bā-hem, '(because) if a man does [them,] (then/and/that) she shall live by them.' – SP
Compare Exodus 1:16 (last verb). It is unclear whether the verb(s) used for "to live" is/are H2421 חָיָה chayah or H2421 חָיַי chayay.
ἃ ποιήσας ἄνθρωπος ζήσεται ἐν αὐτοῖς·, 'by which [a] man doing shall live by them;' – LXXSwete LXXRahlfs
ἃ ποιήσας αυτά άνθρωπος ζήσεται ἐν αὐτοῖς·, 'by which [a] man doing them shall live by them;' – Brenton ABP
qui ea fecerit, 'who shall have done them' – OLW
quae faciet homo, uiuet in eis:, 'which [a] man shall do, shall live by them.' – OLL
quae faciens homo, vivet in eis., 'which [a] man doing, shall live by them.' – VgColunga&Turrado
אִמְּךָ֣ היא, ’im-mə-ḵā hi, 'she [is] your mother' – SP
μήτηρ γάρ σού ἐστιν(,), 'for/because she is your mother(,)' – LXXSwete LXXRahlfs Brenton ABP
confusione enim., 'truly in confusion.' – OLL
mater tua est:, 'your mother is: or [she] is your mother:' – VgColunga&Turrado
Leviticus 18:7
καὶ οὐκ ἀποκαλύψεις τὴν ἀσχημοσύνην αὐτῆς., 'and you shall not uncover the nakedness of her.' – LXXSwete LXXRahlfs Brenton
την ασχημοσύνην αυτής ουκ αποκαλύψεις, 'the nakedness of her you shall not uncover' – ABP
omitted – OLL
Leviticus 18:8
Confusionem mulieris patris tui non denudabis, confusionem patris tui et., '[The] confusion of your father's woman/wife you shall not denude: and is your father's confusion.' – OLL
Turpitudinem uxoris patris tui non discooperies: turpitudo enim patris tui est., '[The] shame of your father's wife you shall not uncover: for it is your father's shame.' – VgColunga&Turrado
Leviticus 18:9
עֶרְוַ֨ת אֲחֹֽותְךָ֤ בַת־אָבִ֙יךָ֙ אֹ֣ו בַת־אִמֶּ֔ךָ, ‘er-waṯ ’ă-ḥō-wṯ-ḵā ḇaṯ- ’ā-ḇî-ḵā ’ōw ḇaṯ- ’im-me-ḵā,, 'The nakedness of your sister (the) daughter of your father or (the) daughter of your mother' – WLC
ἀσχημοσύνην τῆς ἀδελφῆς σου ἐκ πατρός σου ἢ ἐκ μητρός σου, 'The nakedness of your sister out of your father or out of your mother' – LXXRahlfs Brenton ABP
ἀσχημοσύνην τῆς ἀδελφῆς σου ἐκ πατρός σου ἢ μητρός σου, 'The nakedness of your sister out of your father or (of) your mother' – LXXSwete
Turpitudinem sororis tuae en matre tua et ex patre tuo, '[The] shame of your sister in your mother and out of your father' – OLW
Confusionem sororis tuae uel ex patre uel ex matre, '[The] confusion of your sister either out of [your] father or out of [your] mother' – OLL
Turpitudinem sororis tuae ex patre sive ex matre,, '[The] shame of your sister out of [your] father or out of [your] mother,' – VgColunga&Turrado
Leviticus 18:9
η γεγεννημένης, 'or born' – LXXRahlfs Brenton ABP
γεγεννημένης ἢ, 'born or' – LXXSwete
intus natae aut natae foris,, 'at home born or born outdoors,' – OLL
quae domi vel foris genita est,, 'who is born at home or outdoors,' – VgColunga&Turrado
Leviticus 18:9
quoniam tua confusione filiae uxoris patris tui non denudabis confusionem eius, 'because by/through your confusion of [the] daughter of your father's wife [you] shall not uncover his confusion' – OLL
omitted – all other witnesses
Leviticus 18:10
Turpitudinem filiae filii tui vel neptis ex filia non revelabis: quia turpitudo tua est., '[You] shall not reveal [the] shame of your son's daughter or daughter's daughter: for [it] is your shame.' – VgColunga&Turrado
εν χωρισμώ ακαθαρσίας αυτής, 'in separation of her uncleanness' – LXXSwete ABP
in diuortio, 'in divorce/separation' – wz
in separationem munditiae eius, 'in separation of his cleanness' – OLL
quae patitur menstrua, 'who suffers from menstruation' – VgColunga&Turrado
Leviticus 18:19
לֹ֣א תִקְרַ֔ב, lō ṯiq-raḇ, '[you] shall not approach' – WLC
ουκ εισελεύση, '[you] shall not go into / enter' – Brenton ABP
οὐ προσελεύσῃ, '[you] shall not go towards' – LXXSwete LXXRahlfs
non accedes,, '[you] shall not approach,' – OLL VgColunga&Turrado
Leviticus 18:20
Et ad mulierem proximi tui, 'And to your neighbour's woman/wife' – OLL
Cum uxore proximi tui, 'With your neighbour's wife' – VgColunga&Turrado
Leviticus 18:20
לֹא־תִתֵּ֥ן שְׁכָבְתְּךָ֖ לְזָ֑רַע, lō- ṯit-tên šə-ḵā-ḇə-tə-ḵā lə-zā-ra‘, '[you] shall not give copulation/intercourse seed/sowing/offspring' – WLC
οὐ δώσεις κοίτην σπέρματός σου, '[you] shall not give [the] marriage-bed for your sperm/semen' – LXXSwete LXXRahlfs Brenton ABP
non dabis cubilem seminis tui,, '[you] shall not give the [bed] of your seed,' – OLL
non coibis, nec seminis, '[you] shall not come together / have sex, nor... by seed/semen' – VgColunga&Turrado
Leviticus 18:21, see also Moloch § Biblical attestations and Child sacrifice § Ban in Leviticus
וּמִֽזַּרְעֲךָ֥ לֹא־תִתֵּ֖ן לְהַעֲבִ֣יר לַמֹּ֑לֶךְ, ū-miz-zar-‘ă-ḵā lō- ṯit-tên lam-mō-leḵ, 'And [you] shall not let any of your descendents pass through [the fire, i.e. to sacrifice] to Moloch' – WLC
καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ σπέρματός σου οὐ δώσεις λατρεύειν ἄρχοντι, 'And of your sperm/semen/offspring/descendants [you] shall not give to serve [an] archon' – LXXSwete LXXRahlfs Brenton ABP
Et semini tuo non dabis seruire superposito,, 'And your seed you shall not give to serve placed on top,' – OLL
De semine tuo non dabis ut consecretur idolo Moloch,, 'Of your semen/offspring [you] shall not give [any] to consecrate to [an] idol of Moloch,' – VgColunga&Turrado
Leviticus 18:22, see also Leviticus 18 § Homosexuality
וְאֶ֨ת־זָכָ֔ר לֹ֥א תִשְׁכַּ֖ב מִשְׁכְּבֵ֣י אִשָּׁ֑ה תֹּועֵבָ֖ה הִֽוא׃, wə-’eṯ-zā-ḵār, lō’ ṯīš-kaḇ mīš-kə-ḇē ’īš-šā; tō-‘ē-ḇā hī’, 'And with a male, you shall not lie (down) on the beds of a woman/wife; he/it is an abomination.' – WLC
ࠅࠣࠀࠕ ࠆࠟࠊࠠࠓ ࠋࠞࠀ ࠕࠩࠔࠬࠊࠠࠁ ࠌࠡࠔࠬࠊࠠࠁࠩࠉ ࠀࠩࠔ࠙ࠢࠄ ࠕࠧࠅ࠙ࠜࠏࠁࠢࠄ ࠄࠩࠉࠀ, wa’t zā̊ː-kār lā̊ː’ tīš-kā̊b māːš-kå-bī ’īš-ša; tū-‘ē-bā’ ī’, 'And with a male, you shall not lie (down) on the beds of a woman/wife; she/it is an abomination.' – SP
καὶ μετὰ ἄρσενος οὐ κοιμηθήσῃ κοίτην γυναικός· βδέλυγμα γάρ ἐστιν., 'And with a man you shall not sleep in a (marriage-)bed of a woman/wife; because it is a detestable thing.' LXXSwete
και μετά άρσενος ου κοιμηθήση κοίτην γυναικείαν βδέλυγμα γαρ εστι, 'And with a man you shall not sleep in a female (marriage-)bed, because it is a detestable thing.' ABP
Et cum masculo non dormibis cubile muliebrae: exsecratio enim est., 'And with [a] male you shall not sleep in [the/a] bed of [a] woman: for [it] is [a] curse.' – OLL
The word muliebrae is an incorrect declension of muliebris; genitive singular (muliebris, "of a woman", "of womanly") was likely the intended form, compare fēminīnae ("of a woman(ly)", "of feminine").
Cum mare ne concumbas eo concubitu quo cum foemina solet: abominada res est., 'With [a] man [you] should not share the bed as is custom in [the] manner of sleeping as with [a] woman: [it] is [an] abominable thing.' – Robert Estienne (1545)
Cum masculo non commiscearis coitu femineo, quia abominatio est., 'With [a] male [you] shall not intermingle according to [the] feminine intercourse, because it is [an] abomination.' – VgClement VgColunga&Turrado
Compare Leviticus 20:13; Genesis 49:4.
Leviticus 18:23
לֹא־תִתֵּ֥ן שְׁכָבְתְּךָ֖, lō- ṯit-tên šə-ḵā-ḇə-tə-ḵā, '[you] shall not give lying/bedding(/copulation/intercourse)' – WLC
ου δώσεις τὴν κοίτην σου, '[you] shall not give the marriage-bed of yours' – LXXSwete LXXRahlfs Brenton
ου δώσεις κοίτην σου, '[you] shall not give your marriage-bed' – ABP
non dabis cubilem tuum, '[you] shall not give your bed' – OLL
non coibis, '[you] shall not come together' – VgColunga&Turrado
sēmentium is a Late Latin nonstandard noun for "seed".
omitted – WLC VgColunga&Turrado
Leviticus 18:25
εξεμιάνθη – Brenton ABP
ἐμιάνθη – LXXSwete LXXRahlfs
Leviticus 18:25
ἀδικίαν αὐτοῖς – LXXRahlfs Brenton ABP
αὐτοῖς ἀδικίαν – LXXSwete
Leviticus 18:26
πάντα τὰ προστάγματά, 'all the commandments' – LXXSwete LXXRahlfs Brenton
τὰ προστάγματά, 'the commandments' – ABP
Leviticus 18:26
και, 'and' – LXXRahlfs Brenton ABP
ἢ, 'or' – LXXSwete
Leviticus 18:27
πρότεροι, 'before [plural]' – LXXSwete LXXRahlfs
πρότερον, 'before [singular]' – Brenton ABP
Leviticus 18:29
μέσου, 'from the middle/midst' – ABP
omitted – LXXSwete LXXRahlfs Brenton
Leviticus 18:30
ποιήσητε, '[you] shall do [plural]' – LXXSwete LXXRahlfs Brenton
ποιήτε, '[you] shall do [singular]' – ABP
Leviticus 18:30
ἃ, 'which' – LXXRahlfs Brenton ABP
ὃ, 'the' – LXXSwete
Leviticus 20
Leviticus 20:13
וְאִ֗ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִשְׁכַּ֤ב אֶת־זָכָר֙ מִשְׁכְּבֵ֣י אִשָּׁ֔ה תֹּועֵבָ֥ה עָשׂ֖וּ שְׁנֵיהֶ֑ם מֹ֥ות יוּמָ֖תוּ דְּמֵיהֶ֥ם בָּֽם׃, wə-’îš, ’ă-šer yiš-kaḇ ’eṯ-zā-ḵār miš-kə-ḇê ’iš-šāh, tō-w-‘ê-ḇāh ‘ā-śū šə-nê-hem; mō-wṯ yū-mā-ṯū də-mê-hem bām., 'And a man, who sleeps with a male on the beds of a woman/wife, [they] have both done a detestable thing; [they] will be killed to die, [their] blood(guilt)s [are] on them.' – WLC
ואיש אשר ישכב את־זכר משכבי אשה תועבה עשו מות יומתו שניהם דמיהם בם׃, wə-’îš, ’ă-šer yiš-kaḇ ’eṯ-zā-ḵār miš-kə-ḇê ’iš-šāh, tō-w-‘ê-ḇāh ‘ā-śū; mō-wṯ yū-mā-ṯū šə-nê-hem də-mê-hem bām., 'And a man, who sleeps with a male on the beds of a woman/wife, [they] have done a detestable thing; both will be killed to die, [their] blood(guilt)s [are] on them.' – SP
καὶ ὃς ἂν κοιμηθῇ μετὰ ἄρσενος κοίτην γυναικός, βδέλυγμα ἐποίησαν ἀμφότεροι· θανατούσθωσαν, ἔνοχοί εἰσιν., 'And who ever slept with [a] male in the (marriage-)bed of a woman/wife, both have done a detestable thing; let [them] be put to death, they are liable/guilty.' – LXXSwete
καὶ ὃς ἂν κοιμηθῇ μετὰ ἄρσενος κοίτην γυναικός, βδέλυγμα ἐποίησαν ἀμφότεροι· θανάτῳ θανατούσθωσαν, ἔνοχοί εἰσιν., 'And whoever shall lie with a male as with a woman/wife, they have both wrought abomination; let them die the death, they are guilty.' – Brenton
και ος αν κοιμηθή μετά άρσενος κοίτην γυναικός, βδέλυγμα εποίησαν αμφότεροι θανάτω θανατούσθωσαν ένοχοί εισιν., 'And who ever slept with [a] male in the (marriage-)bed of a woman/wife, both have done a detestable thing; let [them] be killed to death, or [they] have done a detestable thing; let both be killed to death, they are liable/guilty.' – ABP
Qui dormierit cum masculo coitu femineo, uterque operatus est nefas: morte moriantur: sit sanguis eorum super eos., 'Whoever sleeps with a male according to the feminine intercourse, both have done a wrong: let them die the death: may their blood be upon them.' – VgClement VgColunga&Turrado
Brenton, Lancelot Charles Lee (1851). "Brenton's Septuagint Translation". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
Brenton, Lancelot Charles Lee (1879). The Septuagint version of the OT, with an English translation(PDF). London: Samuel Bagster. p. 1156. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
Brooke, Alan England; McLean, Norman; Thackeray, Henry St. John (1909). The Old Testament in Greek. Volume I: The Octateuch. Part II: Exodus and Leviticus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 268. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
Rahlfs, Alfred (1935). "Λευιτικόν (Leviticus Rahlfs)". Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint (in Greek). Greek Wikisource. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
Robert, Ulysse (1881). Pentateuchi versio latina antiquissima e Codice Lugdunensi. Paris: Firmin-Didot. p. 330. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
Scholz, Susanne (2021). Sacred Witness. Rape in the Hebrew Bible. Fortress Press. ISBN 9781506482033. (E-book edition)
Swete, Henry Barclay (1930). "Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
Emanuel Tov, The Text-Critical Use of the Septuagint in Biblical Research (TCU), 1981 (1st edition), 1997 (2nd edition), 2015 (3rd edition).
Emanuel Tov, Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible (TCHB), 1992 (1st edition), 2001 (2nd edition), 2012 (3rd edition).
Emanuel Tov, Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, Qumran, Septuagint: Collected Writings, Volume 3 (2015).
Tov, Emanuel (1999). "38. The Septuagint Additions ('Miscellanies') in 1 Kings 2 (3 Reigns 2)". The Greek and Hebrew Bible: Collected Essays on the Septuagint. Vetus Testamentum Supplements. Vol. 72. Leiden: Brill.
van de Giessen, J. P. (2003). "Index Bijbelverzen". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 5 November 2022.
Van der Pool, Charles (1996). "Apostolic Bible Polyglot (ABP)". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
Wells, Bruce (2020). "On the Beds of a Woman: The Leviticus Texts on Same-Sex Relations Reconsidered". Sexuality and Law in the Torah. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 123–158. ISBN 9780567681607. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
External links
Digitized Hebrew and Greek Manuscripts: Access and Issues – Introduction to online biblical textual studies