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Duduk

The duduk ( doo-DOOK; Armenian: դուդուկ IPA: [duˈduk]) or tsiranapogh (Armenian: ծիրանափող, meaning "apricot-made wind instrument"), is a double reed woodwind instrument made of apricot wood originating from Armenia. Variations of the Armenian duduk appear throughout the Caucasus and the Middle East, including Bulgaria, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kurdistan, Turkey, and Iran. Duduk, Kaval , Balaban, and Mey are almost identical, except for historical and geographical differences.

It is commonly played in pairs: while the first player plays the melody, the second plays a steady drone called dum, and the sound of the two instruments together creates a richer, more haunting sound. The unflattened reed and cylindrical body produce a sound closer to the English horn than the oboe or bassoon. Unlike other double reed instruments like the oboe or shawm, the duduk has a very large reed proportional to its size.

UNESCO proclaimed the Armenian duduk and its music as a Masterpiece of the Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2005 and inscribed it in 2008. Duduk music has been used in a number of films, most notably in The Russia House and Gladiator.

Etymology

There have been two published lines of thinking on the origins of the word.

Both the Russian book Musical Instruments Encyclopedia (Музыкальные инструменты. Энциклопедия) and American book Musical Instruments, A Comprehensive Dictionary give an ultimate origin of the name as Persian, the word tutak.

In Armenia, the instrument is also known as tsiranapogh (ծիրանափող).

This instrument is not to be confused with the northwestern Bulgarian folk instrument of the same name (see below, Balkan duduk). Similar instruments used in other parts of Western Asia are the mey and balaban.

Overview

The duduk is a double reed instrument with ancient origins, having existed since at least the fifth century, while there are Armenian scholars who believe it existed more than 1,500 years before that. The earliest instruments similar to the duduk's present form are made of bone or entirely of cane. Today, the duduk is exclusively made of wood with a large double reed, with the body made from aged apricot wood.

The particular tuning depends heavily on the region in which it is played. An eight-hole duduk (not counting the thumb hole on the lower side) can play ten successive notes of a diatonic scale with simple fingering, or sixteen consecutive notes of a chromatic scale by half-covering holes. For example, an A duduk can play all the notes from F♯ to the A more than an octave higher. (Another reference gives different information.) By using the lips to "bend" notes and partially covering holes any pitch in this range can be produced, as required for Oriental music. The instrument's body has different lengths depending upon the range of the instrument and region. The reed (Armenian: եղեգն, eġegn), is made from one or two pieces of cane in a duck-bill type assembly. Unlike other double-reed instruments, the reed is quite wide, helping to give the duduk both its unique, mournful sound, as well as its remarkable breathing requirements. The duduk player is called dudukahar (դուդուկահար) in Armenian.

The performers use air stored in their cheeks to keep playing the instrument while they inhale air into their lungs. This "circular" breathing technique is commonly used with all the double-reed instruments in the Middle East.

Duduk "is invariably played with the accompaniment of a second dum duduk, which gives the music an energy and tonic atmosphere, changing the scale harmoniously with the principal duduk."

History

Armenian musicologists cite evidence of the duduk's use as early as 1200 BC, though Western scholars suggest it is 1,500 years old. Variants of the duduk can be found in Armenia and the Caucasus. The history of the Armenian duduk music is dated to the reign of the Armenian king Tigran the Great, who reigned from 95 to 55 B.C. According to ethnomusicologist Dr. Jonathan McCollum, the instrument is depicted in numerous Armenian manuscripts of the Middle Ages, and is "actually the only truly Armenian instrument that's survived through history, and as such is a symbol of Armenian national identity ... The most important quality of the duduk is its ability to express the language dialectic and mood of the Armenian language, which is often the most challenging quality to a duduk player."

Balkan duduk

While "duduk" most commonly refers to the double reed instrument described on this page, there is a very similar instrument played in northwestern Bulgaria. This is a blocked-end flute known as a kaval, resembling the Serbian frula, or kavalče in a part of Macedonia, and as duduk in northwest Bulgaria. Made of maple or other wood, it comes in two sizes: 700–780 millimetres (28–31 in) and 240–400 millimetres (9.4–15.7 in) (duduce). The blocked end is flat.

In popular culture

The sound of the duduk has become known to wider audiences through its use in popular film soundtracks. Starting with Peter Gabriel's score for Martin Scorsese's The Last Temptation of Christ, the duduk's archaic and mournful sound has been employed in a variety of genres to depict such moods. Djivan Gasparyan played the duduk in Gladiator, Syriana, and Blood Diamond, among others. It was also used extensively in Battlestar Galactica. In the TV series Avatar: The Last Airbender, its computer-altered sound was given to the fictitious Tsungi horn, most notably played by Iroh and often being featured in the show's soundtrack. With many of the members who worked on ATLA now working on The Dragon Prince, the duduk regularly appears in its soundtrack as well. The sound of the duduk was also used in The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe for a lullaby which Mr. Tumnus plays on a fictitious double flute and in the theme song of the Dothraki clan during the TV adaptation Game of Thrones.

Armenia's entry in the 2010 Eurovision Song Contest, "Apricot Stone," featured Armenian musician Djivan Gasparyan playing the duduk.

Film soundtracks

The duduk has been used in a number of films, especially "to denote otherworldliness, loneliness, and mourning or to supply a Middle Eastern/Central Asian atmosphere".

Ararat (2002) by Mychael Danna
Avatar (2009) by James Horner, in the track Shutting Down Grace's Lab
Bedtime Stories (2008) by Rupert Gregson-Williams
Brotherhood of the Wolf (2001) by Joseph LoDuca
Chilean Gothic (2000) by Fractal
Constantine (2005) by Brian Tyler, Klaus Badelt, in the track Circle of Hell
The Crow (1994) by Graeme Revell featuring the duduk player Djivan Gasparyan
Dead Man Walking (1995) by David Robbins
Elektra (2005) by Christophe Beck
Gladiator (2000) by Djivan Gasparyan in the track Duduk of the North
Hotel Rwanda (2004) main theme music
Hulk (2003) duduk by Pedro Eustache by Danny Elfman
The Island (2005) by Steve Jablonsky
The Kite Runner (2007) by Alberto Iglesias
The Last Temptation of Christ (1988) by Peter Gabriel, featuring the duduk player Vatche Hovsepian
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005) by Harry Gregson-Williams, in the track A Narnia Lullaby
Munich duduk by Pedro Eustache (2005) by John Williams
Mayrig (1991) by Omar Al Sharif
Next (2007) by Mark Isham
The Passion of The Christ (2004) by Mel Gibson, composer John Debney duduks by Pedro Eustache and Chris Bleth
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007) by Hans Zimmer
Rendition (2007) by Paul Hepker and Mark Kilian, duduk by Pedro Eustache
Ronin (1998) by Elia Cmiral, duduk by Albert Vardanyan
Syriana (2005) by Alexandre Desplat, duduks by Djivan Gasparyan and Pedro Eustache
The Russia House (1990) by Jerry Goldsmith
The Siege (1998) by Graeme Revell, in the track Torture
Vantage Point (2008) by Atli Orvarsson
Wanted (2008) by Danny Elfman
Warriors of Heaven and Earth (2003) by A. R. Rahman
You Don't Mess with the Zohan (2008) by Rupert Gregson-Williams
Beasts in Our Time and Under The Eye Of The Sun played by Rob Townsend on Steve Hackett's album At The Edge Of Light
3 Faces (2018) by Jafar Panahi, duduk by Yusef Moharamian
Dune (2021) by Hans Zimmer, duduk by Pedro Eustache
Dune: Part Two (2024) by Hans Zimmer, duduk by Pedro Eustache

Television soundtracks

Angel by Rob Kral
Avatar: The Last Airbender by Jeremy Zuckerman features the instrument in a recurring motif associated with the character of Zuko, most notably in the tracks "Iroh's Tsungi Horn" and "The Blue Spirit"
Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series) by Bear McCreary. Its tracks "Two Funerals", "Starbuck on the Red Moon", "Escape from the Farm", "Colonial Anthem, "Black Market", "Something Dark is Coming", "Martial Law", "Prelude to War" feature the duduk. Roslin's theme was set to lyrics a second time for the third-season premiere "Occupation", this time in Armenian.
Buffy the Vampire Slayer by Christophe Beck, Tomas Wanker, Rob Dunkin, Douglas Stevens
Castle by Robert Duncan
Children of Dune by Brian Tyler in the tracks "Dune Messiah", "The Throne of Alia", "The Preacher At Arrakeen", "Farewell"
Cold Case by Michael A. Levine
CSI: New York by Bill Brown
Firefly by Greg Edmonson
Game of Thrones by Ramin Djawadi features the instrument in Daenerys Targaryen's theme
JAG by Steve Bramson
The Mummy Who Would Be King by Gil Talmi, Andrew Gross
Over There by Ed Rogers
The Pacific by Blake Neely and Geoff Zanelli
Path to 9/11 by John Cameron
Rome by Jeff Beal
The Dragon Prince by Frederik Wiedmann
Spartacus by Randy Miller. Track Second Thought
Star Trek: Enterprise by Paul Baillargeon
Yu-Gi-Oh! by Wayne Sharpe
Xena: Warrior Princess by Joseph Loduca
The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power by Bear McCreary features this instrument in settings of the Númenor theme.
Boohbah
Foundation (TV series) by Bear McCreary features the instrument in a recurring motif associated with the character of Gaal Dornick.

Video game scores

Shards of the Exodar in World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade by Derek Duke, Glenn Stafford and Russell Brower
Dalaran in World of Warcraft: Wrath of the Lich King by Derek Duke, Glenn Stafford and Russell Brower
Orsis in Hearthstone: League of Explorers
Civilization V by Michael Curran
Crimson Dragon by Saori Kobayashi and Jeremy Garren
Dark Void by Bear McCreary
Dota 2 by Jason Hayes
F.E.A.R. by Nathan Grigg
God of War III by Gerard Marino
Mass Effect by Jack Wall
Myst III: Exile by Jack Wall
Myst IV: Revelation by Jack Wall
Outcast by Lennie Moore in the track Oriental Spirit
Prince of Persia: The Two Thrones by Inon Zur
Uncharted 2 by Greg Edmonson
Croft Manor Theme in Tomb Raider Legend by Troels Brun Folmann
The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim (2011) by Jeremy Soule in the track Tundra
Total War: Rome II by Richard Beddow
Empire: Total War
Metro Exodus by Oleksii Omelchuk
Xenoblade Chronicles 3 by Kenji Hiramatsu in both Day and Night versions of the track Eagus Wilderness

Popular music

"Come Talk to Me" by Peter Gabriel (from the 1992 album Us)
"Zachem Ya" by t.A.T.u. (from the 2001 album 200 Po Vstrechnoy)
"Prelude & Nostalgia" by Yanni (from the 1997 album Tribute)
"Prelude & Nostalgia" by Yanni (from the 2006 album Yanni Live! The Concert Event)
"Science" and "Arto" (Hidden Track) by System of a Down (from the 2001 album Toxicity)
"Jenny Wren" (2005) and "Back in Brazil" (2018) by Paul McCartney
"All That I Am" by Rob Thomas (from the 2006 album ...Something to Be)
"Touching the Void" by Soulfly (from the 2008 album Conquer)
"Qélé, Qélé" by Sirusho (from the 2008 Eurovision Song Contest Armenian entry)
"1944" by Jamala (2015)
"Soulfly X" by Soulfly (from the 2015 album Archangel)
"Model Village" by Gong (band) (from the 2016 album Rejoice! I'm Dead!)
"Come Along" by Cosmo Sheldrake (from the 2017 album "The Much Much How How and I", and featured in advertisements for Apple's iPhone XR in the UK, USA, and Canada)
"Meeting" album by A.G.A. Trio with Arsen Petrosyan on Duduk (2020 by NAXOS WORLD)

Anime soundtracks

Arrietty by Cécile Corbel, in the track "Sho's Song - Instrumental Version"
Tales from Earthsea by Tamiya Terashima, in the tracks "The Trip", "The Spider" and "Violent Robbery/The Seduction of the Undead".