List of amendments to the Constitution of the United States

Thirty-three amendments to the Constitution of the United States have been proposed by the United States Congress and sent to the states for ratification since the Constitution was put into operation on March 4, 1789. Twenty-seven of those, having been ratified by the requisite number of states, are part of the Constitution. The first ten amendments were adopted and ratified simultaneously and are known collectively as the Bill of Rights. The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments are collectively known as the Reconstruction Amendments. Six amendments adopted by Congress and sent to the states have not been ratified by the required number of states. Four of those amendments are still pending, one is closed and has failed by its own terms, and one is closed and has failed by the terms of the resolution proposing it. All 27 ratified and six unratified amendments are listed and detailed in the tables below.

Proposal and ratification process

Article Five of the United States Constitution details the two-step process for amending the nation's plan of government. Amendments must be properly proposed and ratified before becoming operative. This process was designed to strike a balance between the excesses of constant change and inflexibility.

An amendment may be proposed and sent to the states for ratification by either:

• The U.S. Congress, whenever a two-thirds majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives deem it necessary; or
• A national convention, called by Congress for this purpose, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the states (34 since 1959). This option has never been used.

To become part of the Constitution, an amendment must be ratified by three-fourths of the states (38 since 1959) by either (as determined by Congress):

• The legislatures of three-fourths of the states; or
• State ratifying conventions in three-fourths of the states. The only amendment to be ratified through this method thus far is the Twenty-first Amendment in 1933. That amendment is also the only one that explicitly repeals an earlier one, the Eighteenth Amendment (ratified in 1919), establishing the prohibition of alcohol.

Congress has also enacted statutes governing the constitutional amendment process. When a constitutional amendment is sent to the states for ratification, the Archivist of the United States is charged with responsibility for administering the ratification process under the provisions of 1 U.S.C. § 106b. Then, upon being properly ratified, the archivist issues a certificate proclaiming that an amendment has become an operative part of the Constitution.

Since the early 20th century, Congress has, on several occasions, stipulated that an amendment must be ratified by the required number of states within seven years from the date of its submission to the states in order to become part of the Constitution. Congress's authority to set a ratification deadline was affirmed in 1939 by the Supreme Court of the United States in Coleman v. Miller (307 U.S. 433).

Approximately 11,848 proposals to amend the Constitution have been introduced in Congress since 1789 (as of January 3, 2019). Collectively, members of the House and Senate typically propose around 200 amendments during each two-year term of Congress. Proposals have covered numerous topics, but none made in recent decades have become part of the Constitution. Historically, most died in the congressional committees to which they were assigned. Since 1999, only about 20 proposed amendments have received a vote by either the full House or Senate. The last time a proposal gained the necessary two-thirds support in both the House and the Senate for submission to the states was the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment in 1978. Only 16 states had ratified it when the seven-year time limit expired.

Ratified amendments

Synopsis of each ratified amendment

Summary of ratification data for each ratified amendment

Unratified amendments

Synopsis of each unratified amendment

Summary of ratification data for each unratified amendment

See also

• History of the United States Constitution
• Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution

References

1. Third Amendment to the United States Constitution
2. Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
3. Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution
4. Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
5. List of proposed amendments to the Constitution of the United States
6. Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution
7. Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution
8. Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
9. Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution
10. Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution
11. Second Amendment to the United States Constitution
12. Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution
13. Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution
14. Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
15. Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution
16. First Amendment to the United States Constitution
17. Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
18. Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution
19. United States Bill of Rights
20. Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution