Chongqing (lafazi : /congcing/) birni ne, da ke a ƙasar Sin. Chongqing yana da yawan jama'a 18,384,000, bisa ga jimillar shekara ta 2014. Sannan an kuma gina birnin Chongqing a karni na huɗu kafin haifuwan annabi Issa.

Hotuna

Manazarta

Mark Williams (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta na shekara ta1966) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin mai gaba ga ƙungiyoyi da yawa a tsawon rayuwarsa, ciki har da Corinthians (Brazil), Wolverhampton Wanderers (Ingila), Chongqing Lifan (China), Qingdao Zhongneng (China) da RWDM (Belgium). A Wolves ya ci sau daya; burinsa ya cika ne a wasan cin kofin League da Fulham a watan Oktoba 1995. Bangaren kasa da kasa, an fi tunawa da shi a cikin tawagar da ta buga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka a shekarar 1996, inda ya kasance dan wasa na biyu da ya zura kwallaye 4 a raga, kuma ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan karshe bayan da ya zo a madadinsa, inda Afrika ta Kudu ta doke Tunisia. 2–0 domin lashe kofin a karon farko. Da ya yi ritaya da ya buga wa tawagar kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu wasa sau 23, inda ya ci kwallaye 8. Tun daga watan Disamba na 2006 yana wasa da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta bakin teku ta Afirka ta Kudu.

Kididdigar sana'a

Ƙasashen Duniya

Girmamawa

Kiánwéi Huándǎo

• Kofin FA na kasar Sin : 2000

Shanghai Zhongyuan Huili

• Kungiyar Jia B ta kasar Sin: 2001

Qingdao Hademen

• Kofin FA na kasar Sin : 2002

Afirka ta Kudu

• Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka : 1996

Manazarta

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

• Mark Williams at National-Football-Teams.com

Samfuri:1996 Africa Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament

CU ko cu, na iya nufin to:

• Kusa, a cikin yin fim
• Cuba (ISO 3166, FIPS Pub 10-4 da digram na tsohuwar NATO)
  • .cu, lambar babban yankin kasar Cuba ta matakin yanki
• Slavonic Old Church (ISO 639 alpha-2 lambar yare)
• "Gani", a cikin e-mail a takaice
• Cubit, tsohon naúrar tsayin

Kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi

• CU (kantin sayar da kaya), sarkar shagunan saukakawa na Koriya ta Kudu
• Kungiyar kwastam, wani nau'in kungiyar kasuwanci tsakanin gwamnatoci
• ChristianUnion, jam'iyyar siyasa a Netherlands
• Christian Union (ɗalibai), ɗaliban jami'a ko kwaleji na Kirista
• Consumers Union, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da ke Amurka
• Ƙungiyar kuɗi, haɗin gwiwar kuɗi na memba
• Cubana de Aviación (IATA mai tsara jirgin sama CU)

Kimiyya, fasaha, da lissafi

• Copper, sinadarin sinadarai (alamar Cu)
• CU (layin wutar lantarki), yana gudana tsakanin North Dakota da Minnesota, Amurka
• cu (amfanin Unix), umarnin shiga nesa
• Halayen rashin tausayi da rashin tausayi, a cikin ilimin halin ɗabi'a
• Unit Cellulase, ma'aunin enzyme
• Ƙungiyar sarrafawa (disambiguation)
• ".cu", ƙaramin sunan fayil don abubuwan CUDA
• Tsarin sunadarai na carbide uranium

Jami'o'i

Afirka

• Jami'ar Alkahira, Masar
• Jami'ar Alkawari, Najeriya

Asiya

• Jami'ar Chandigarh, Indiya
• Jami'ar Chang'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
• Jami'ar China ta Hong Kong, Hong Kong
• Jami'ar Chitkara, Punjab, Indiya
• Jami'ar Chittagong, Bangladesh
• Jami'ar Chongqing, China
• Jami'ar Christ, Indiya
• Jami'ar Chulalongkorn, Thailand
• Jami'ar Calcutta, Indiya

Ostiraliya

Turai

• Jami'ar Cambridge, Birtaniya
• Jami'ar Cardiff, UK
• Jami'ar Katolika ta Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Jamus
• Jami'ar Charles, Prague, Jamhuriyar Czech
• Jami'ar Cranfield, UK
• Jami'ar Coventry, UK

• Jami'ar Cheyney ta Pennsylvania, Amurka
• Jami'ar Cameron, Oklahoma, Amurka
• Jami'ar Carleton, Ottawa, Kanada
• Jami'ar Cedarville, Ohio, Amurka
• Jami'ar Chapman, California, Amurka
• Ciudad Universitaria, babban harabar Jami'ar Kasa ta Mexico
• Jami'ar Clarkson, New York, Amurka
• Jami'ar Clemson, South Carolina, Amurka
• Jami'ar Colgate, New York, Amurka
• Jami'ar Columbia, New York, Amurka
• Jami'ar Concordia (Montreal), Kanada
• Cooper Union, New York, Amurka
• Jami'ar Cornell, New York, Amurka
• Jami'ar Cornerstone, Michigan, Amurka
• Jami'ar Creighton, Nebraska, Amurka
• Jami'ar Colorado, Amurka
  • Jami'ar Colorado Boulder (cf. Colorado Buffaloes, shirin wasan motsa jiki na wannan makaranta)

Ana ba da kyautar AAAAA (5A) ga mafi mahimmancin abubuwan jan hankali na yawon shakatawa a cikin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, idan aka ba su matsayi mafi girma a cikin ƙimar ƙimar da Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Yawon shakatawa ta yi amfani da su. Tun daga shekara ta 2020, akwai wuraren yawon shakatawa 279 da aka jera a matsayin 5A.

Tarihi

Asalin tsarin kimantawa don jan hankalin masu yawon buɗe ido ya dogara ne kan ƙa'idodin da Hukumar Kula da Yawon buɗe ido ta ƙasar Sin ta fara kafawa a shekara ta 1999 (wanda ya gabaci ma'aikatar al'adu da yawon buɗe ido ta yanzu) kuma aka yi bita a cikin shekara ta 2004. Ka'idodin sun haɗa da dalilai masu inganci da gudanarwa kamar sauƙin hanyoyin haɗin sufuri, amincin rukunin yanar gizo, tsafta, da dai sauransu kuma yana yin la'akari da keɓancewa da sanin abin da aka bayar na yawon shakatawa. An ƙaddara abubuwan jan hankalin masu yawon buɗe ido gwargwadon ƙa'idodi akan sikelin farko daga A zuwa AAAA tare da AAAAA ko 5As wanda aka ƙara daga baya a matsayin mafi ƙima. An tabbatar da gungun abubuwan jan hankali na yawon shakatawa 66 a matsayin sahun farko na AAAAA da aka ƙaddara abubuwan jan hankali a cikin shekara ta 2007. Rukunin farko ya haɗa da yawancin manyan wuraren tarihi na tarihi a China da suka haɗa da Haramtacciyar Birnin da Fadar bazara . An ƙara ƙarin batches na ƙarin shafuka ciki har da sabbin shafuka 20A a watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2017. A lokuta da ba a saba gani ba an rage wasu wurare daga mafi girman matakin ƙima don rashi a cikin ƙwarewar baƙi.

Rage daraja

Shafukan yawon buɗe ido da Hukumar Kula da Yawon shakatawa ta Ƙasa (waɗanda aka haɗa su cikin Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Yawon buɗe ido a cikin 2018) suka sami ƙarancin aiki sun rasa shaidar 5A saboda ƙarancin ƙwarewar baƙi. A cikin 2015, Shanhai Pass a Hebei shine farkon wurin yawon shakatawa da aka rage daga 5A. Matsakaicin ragi na gaba ya faru a cikin 2016 tare da cire Orange Isle a Hunan da Shenlong Gorge a Chongqing don "matsalolin tsaro, hauhawar farashi, rashin kula da muhalli mara kyau da rashin ingantaccen kayan aiki, da kuma mummunan sabis musamman sakamakon rashin ma'aikatan.

• Jerin wuraren kariya na China
• Jerin wuraren shakatawa na kasar Sin 

Hanyoyin waje

• Cikakken jerin abubuwan jan hankali na AAAA (Sinawa) Archived 2018-07-07 at the Wayback Machine a gidan yanar gizon gwamnatin tsakiyar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin

Manazarta

Berhanu Girma Degefa (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1986) ɗan wasan tsere mai nisa ne na Habasha wanda ya fafata a wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle a Kanada. Mafi kyawun nasarar sa na gudun marathon shine 2:06:09 hours kuma shine wanda ya lashe tseren Marathon na Grandma na shekarar 2012.

Berhanu ya fara buga wasansa na farko a tseren gudun fanfalaki a shekarar 2009, inda ya fafata a gasar Marathon ta Casablanca kuma ya zo na biyar da sa'o'i 2:15:57. Fitowarsa ta gaba a Marathon na Valencia na shekarar 2010 ya ga ci gaba na mintuna uku zuwa 2:12:51 hours. Ya kuma kasance na biyar a Marathon na zaman lafiya na Košice waccan shekarar. Ya yi kasa a gwiwa a cikin shekarar 2011, inda ya zo na 19 a Marathon Prague da na 13 a Marathon Twin Cities, da kyar ya yi kasa da sa'o'i biyu da minti ashirin a waccan shekarar.

Berhanu ya kasance na 20 kacal a gasar Marathon na Marrakech na shekarar 2012 amma daga baya ya kafa mafi kyawun mutum a cikin gudun Half marathon (minti 61:54 a garin Barcelona) gudun fanfalaki, na karshen a lokacin cin nasara na sa'o'i 2:12:25 a Marathon na Grandma. Ya saita mafi kyawun gudu na 10K na mintuna 28:46 a Corrida de Langueux, inda yake na takwas. Shi ne kuma ya zo na biyu a gasar Marathon Twin Cities na waccan shekarar.

Ya kara kasa kima a gasar gudun fanfalaki biyu na farko na shekarar 2013, inda ya zo na 14 a gasar Marathon ta Tiberias kuma na takwas a gasar Chongqing Marathon, amma ya yi wani abin mamaki a Marathon na Amsterdam tare da yin wasan 2:06:09 na sa'o'i 2:06:09. ya gama a na biyu zuwa ga zakaran Wilson Chebet.

A cikin shekarar 2019, shi ne dan wasa na 11 a gasar Marathon ta kasa da kasa ta Daegu a Daegu, Koriya ta Kudu. Lokacin sa shine 2:14:50.

Manazarta

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

• Berhanu Girma at World Athletics

Rachid Azzouzi ( Larabci: رشيد عزّوزي‎ (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 1971) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Morocco kuma darektan wasanni na yanzu. Ya tashi a Jamus, ya wakilci Maroko a matakin kasa da kasa.

Rayuwar farko

An haifi Azzouzi a Taounate, Maroko, kuma ya ƙaura tun yana yaro tare da iyalinsa zuwa Jamus. Ya girma a Rhineland .

Aikin kulob

Azzouzi ya fara wasa tun yana matashi ga Hertha da Alemannia Mariadorf. A 1988, ya koma 1. FC Köln, inda zai buga wasa na shekara guda. Daga baya ya taka leda a kungiyoyi da dama, ciki har da MSV Duisburg daga 1989 zuwa 1995, Fortuna Köln na tsawon shekaru biyu sannan kuma ya buga wa SpVgg Greuther Fürth wasa, amma kafin nan ya buga wasa tsawon rabin shekara a Chongqing Lifan na kasar Sin . A dunkule dai ya buga wasanni 260 na rukuni-rukuni, inda ya zura kwallaye 30 a raga. A wasanni 64 na Bundesliga da ya buga wa MSV Duisburg ya ci kwallaye uku. A cikin 2004-05 Season ya kasance kocin Fürther U-17-Jugendmannschaft kuma an sake shi tare da tawagar daga B-Jugend-Regionalliga .

Ayyukan kasa da kasa

Ya taka leda a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Maroko kuma ya kasance dan takara a Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1992, 1994 FIFA World Cup da kuma a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 1998 .

Aikin darektan wasanni

Bayan karshen wasansa na wasa, Azzouzi ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki ga manajan daga 2005 zuwa 2007, sannan Team Manager a 2007-08, sannan darektan wasanni na SpVgg Greuther Fürth . A ranar 25 ga Mayu 2012, an sanar da cewa Azzouzi zai zama sabon darektan wasanni na kulob din Jamus na biyu na FC St. Pauli . A ranar 16 Disamba 2014, ya bar matsayinsa a St. Pauli. A kan 10 Yuni 2015 ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu a matsayin darektan wasanni na Fortuna Düsseldorf . Koyaya, wannan haɗin gwiwar ya ƙare bayan ƙasa da shekara guda, a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2016.

A kan 22 Nuwamba 2017, Azzouzi ya koma SpVgg Greuther Fürth a matsayin darektan wasanni.

Manazarta

Tang He ( Chinese ; dubu daya da dari uku da ashirin da shida zuwa dubu data da Dari uku da casa'in da Bihar 1326 - 1395), sunan ladabi Dingchen, babban hali ne a cikin tawayen da ya ƙare daular Yuan kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan janar na daular Ming . Ya fito daga ƙauye ɗaya da Zhu Yuanzhang kuma ya shiga cikin Guo Zixing ta Red Turban Rebellion, ƙungiyar millenarian da ke da alaƙa da White Lotus Society, a lokacin tashin ta na asali, a cikin Maris 1352. An yi wa Tang girma da sauri cikin matsayi yayin da sojojin Guo ke ƙaruwa. Bayan da ya ci birnin Jiqing ( birnin Nanjing na yanzu ) da birnin Zhenjiang, wanda ke karkashin umurnin Zhu Yuanzhang, an kara masa girma zuwa Yuan Shuai (kwamandan reshe), kuma bayan ya ci Changzhou a watan Afrilu dubu daya da dari uku da hamsin da bakwai 1357, an sanya Tang a matsayin kwamanda a can. mukamin mataimakin mataimakin shugaban hukumar harkokin soji. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari uku da sittin da bakwai 1367, an kuma tura shi kudu don kayar da sojojin Fang Guozhen da Chen Youding, sannan ya yi kamfen a Shanxi, Gansu, da Ningxia karkashin umurnin Xu Da . An ba shi taken Duke Xingguo. Tang Ya mutu a watan Agustan dubu daya da Dari uku da casa'in da biyar1

1395, ɗaya daga cikin fewan janar janar na daular Ming waɗanda suka mutu na halitta.

Rayuwar farko

An haifi Tang cikin dangin manoma marasa galihu a ƙauyen Zhongli, wanda ke cikin Fengyang na yanzu, Lardin Anhui . Shi da Zhu Yuangzhang sun kasance abokai tun suna kanana, kuma daga baya Tang ya zama ɗaya daga cikin abokan kusanci kuma babban janar na Zhu. Tang ya nuna burinsa da basirarsa a matsayin mayaƙin soja tun yana ƙanana. Zai so ya zama abokin haɗin gwiwa na jagora, kuma ya fi son yin hawan hawa da arching tun yana ƙarami. Bayan girma, Tang ya zama mutum mai nutsuwa, mai ƙarfi, mai ƙarfin zuciya, kuma mai magana mai kyau wanda zai iya zama fitaccen soja.

Aikin soja

Farkon aiki

A shekara ta dubu daya da dari uku da hamsin da biyu 1352, saboda bala'in da ya faru da mulkin da bai dace ba na daular Yuan, wata ƙungiyar tawaye mai suna Red Turbans ta tashi. Ya nuna farkon ƙarshen mulkin Mongol a kan China. Tang ya shiga cikin tawaye tare da wasu samari masu son zuciya, kuma ya gayyaci Zhu Yuanzhang, wanda ya zama babban masani a Haikalin Huangjue, zuwa ga Red Turbans. Zhu ya karbi wannan gayyatar; bayan haka, ba da daɗewa ba aka ba shi matsayi sama da Tang saboda gudummawar da ya bayar. A farkon shekara ta dubu daya da Dari uku da Hamsin da hudu 1354, Zhu Yuangzhang, sannan mai tsaron Guo, ya zaɓi Tang ya zama ɗaya daga cikin maza ashirin da huɗu da za su zama tushen umarnin kansa.

Bayan da Zhu ya kwace Chuzhou a watan Afrilu, ya sami mukamin kwamandan bataliya. Tang ya yi aiki karkashin Zhu a mamayar Dahongshan a shekara ta 1353, kuma sun ci Chuzhou da Hezhou tare. Tang shi kaɗai ne ya goyi bayan Zhu sosai lokacin da sauran janar a Hezhou suka yi adawa da ikon Zhu a 1355.

Daga baya a cikin wannan shekarar, Tang tare da sauran janar -janar sun ci Lishui da Jurong karkashin umurnin Zhu. A cikin guguwar Taiping, a kan Cheng Yexian, kibiya ta ji rauni a kafar hagu. Ko da yake ya ji rauni sosai, Tang ya ci gaba da yaƙin kuma a ƙarshe ya kama Cheng da rai. A shekara ta 1356, yana hidima a ƙarƙashin Xu Da, Tang ya shiga cikin cin nasarar Jiqing ( Nanjing na yanzu ), wanda ya zama tushen aikin Zhu kuma babban birnin daular Ming. Ba da daɗewa ba, Tang da Xu Da sun ci Zhenjiang da Changzhou . Bayan wadannan nasarori, an kara Tang zuwa Yuan Shuai (kwamandan reshe), kuma an sanya shi a Changzhou tare da mukamin mataimakin mataimaki babban shumiyuan (Hukumar Harkokin Soja).

Tsaro na Changzhou

Changzhou ya kasance mafi mahimmanci na birane da yawa da Zhu Yuanzhang ke sarrafawa, wanda ya zama layin kariya ga masarautar Zhang Shicheng, wanda ya ayyana kansa a matsayin Sarkin Wu kuma abokin gaban Zhu. Tang Shi da babban rundunarsa sun kare garin kuma suyi aiki azaman ajiyar wayar hannu don taimakawa wasu biranen lokacin da aka yi musu barazana. Zhang ya aika da 'yan leken asiri cikin hanzari don samun bayanai, amma duk sun gaza, saboda dogaro da umarnin Tang. Zhang ya kuma mamaye birnin sau da yawa, yayin da Tang ya ci nasara daya kai hari a watan Fabrairun 1358, kuma a watan Mayun 1359, Tang ya kama maza sama da dubu daya da jiragen ruwa arba'in ta hanyar kwanton bauna. Tang bai shiga yakin da aka yi da Chen Yuliang ba, saboda an umarce shi da ya kai hare -haren wuce gona da iri kan yankunan Zhang Shicheng. A watan Fabrairun 1363, an kara masa girma zuwa ƙaramin manajan sakatariya; sannan, a cikin Afrilu 1364, ya zama babban mai gudanarwa.

Yaƙi da Zhang Shicheng

A ƙarshe, babban rundunar Zhu ta koma Nanjing bayan ta ci Chen, kuma an ba sojojin Tang izinin zuwa wasu yankuna. Ba da daɗewa ba aka ba Tang lakabin babban sakataren hagu saboda ya kayar da sojojin Zhang kwata-kwata a cikin mamayar Wuxi, kuma an ba shi matsayin "Pin Zhang Zhen Shi" (babban mukami) bayan cin nasara kan sojojin ruwan Zhang a yankin Dutsen Huangyang. Daga baya a watan Disamba na 1364, Tang ya sauƙaƙe Changxing daga harin Zhang Shixin (ɗan'uwan Zhang Shicheng), kuma ya kama sojoji dubu takwas da rai a cikin yaƙin da aka gwabza. A watan Oktoban shekarar 1365, Tang ya shiga yakin karshe da Zhang Shicheng karkashin umurnin Xu Da . Nan da nan Tang ya lalata sojojin ruwan Zhang a tafkin Tai da Wujiang, ya koma babban sojojin da suka kewaye Suzhou . A cikin fada a Chang Men (wani ɓangare na Suzhou), Tang ya sake samun rauni. Ya dawo Nanjing don yin gwagwarmaya, amma ya dawo ba da daɗewa ba don mamayar Suzhou a watan Oktoba, 1367. Zhu ya ba Tang lada mai girma bayan yaƙin, kuma an ba shi matsayin babban malami ga magajin gado a watan Fabrairu na shekara mai zuwa.

Cin nasarar Fujian

A shekarar 1365, Zhu ya ayyana kansa a matsayin Sarkin Wu. Bayan rugujewar babban maƙiyinsu na ƙarshe, Zhang, an sanya Tang a matsayin mai kula da balaguron kudanci tare da Wu Zhen a matsayin mataimakinsa, kuma an umarce shi da ya jagoranci tsoffin garuruwan Jiangzhou, Jiangxing, da Jiangyin don murƙushe Fang Guozhen. Tang ya ci Yuyao, Shangyu, da Qinyuan cikin nasara a karshen watan Nuwamba, amma Fang ya tsere kan teku, tare da asarar raka'a kadan. Daga nan Zhu Yuanzhang ya umarci Liao Yuanzhong ya tallafa wa Tang da jiragensa. Rundunar hadin gwiwa ta bi rundunar sojojin ruwan Fang. A ƙarshen Disamba, Fang ya ba da jiragen ruwa ɗari huɗu da maza dubu ashirin da huɗu. A daidai lokacin da Xu Da ya ci arewacin kasar Sin, sojojin Zhu sun mamaye yankin Fujian daga cikin teku daga yamma. A cikin goyon baya, Tang He da Liao Yuanzhong sun tashi zuwa Fuzhou a watan Janairu. Tang ya mamaye tashar jiragen ruwa bayan gajeriyar mamayar, kuma wannan ya jagoranci biranen da ke gabar teku, da suka hada da Xinhua, Zhangzhou, Quanzhou, su mika wuya jim kadan. Daga nan sojojin masu balaguro suka matsa kusa da kogin, inda suka cafke babban mayaƙin goyon bayan Yuan Chen Yuting da rai. Wannan ya kammala kamfen ɗin a Fujian, kuma zai zama babban nasarar soja na Tang. A watan Maris 1366, Tang ya koma Ningbo don jigilar hatsi ta teku zuwa arewa tare da tsohon ma'aikacin Fang Guozhen, kuma ya sanya Liao a matsayin kwamandan rundunar.

Nasarar Arewa da Yammacin China

Tang ya raka sarki zuwa Kaifeng a watan Agustan 1368. A can, an ba shi aikin cinye biranen arewacin Henan da kudancin Shanxi . Bayan kammala aikinsa, Tang ya shiga babban rundunar Zhu a karkashin Xu Da, kuma tare suka shiga Shanxi a shekara ta 1369. Yaƙin ya ƙare a watan Satumba, kuma jim kaɗan bayan haka, an kira Tang He da Xu Da zuwa Nanjing don karɓar lada daga sarki. Koyaya, saboda Tang ya ɓata wa sarki rai sau ɗaya a Changzhou bayan ya sha giya, ya sami lada kaɗan fiye da shugabannin.

Bayan 'yan makonni kadan, Tang ya zama mataimakin Xu Da don mamayar arewa, kuma ya kasance cikin babban nasara akan Köke Temür (wanda kuma ake kira Wang Baobao) a Gansu; daga baya Tang ya ware daga babban sojojin kuma ya tura arewa. Ya ci yankin Xingxia da Ordos, inda ya dauki dubun dubatan dabbobi. Sojojinsa sun kasance a saman ƙafar Kogin Yellow har zuwa ƙarshen shekara, lokacin da aka kira Tang da wasu janar -janar zuwa Nanjing don yin biki da karɓar sarautu masu daraja daga sarkin. A wannan karon, an baiwa Tang taken Marquis na Zhongshan, tare da albashin shekara na 1500 Shi. An ba shi matsayi na bakwai a cikin manyan Ming kuma na farko a cikin marquis na wannan ranar. A watan Fabrairu na shekara ta 1371, an tura rundunoni biyu, kasa daya da na ruwa guda daya zuwa Sichuan don cin jihar Xia. An sanya Tang a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin ruwa, tare da Liao Yuanzhong da Zhou Dexing a matsayin mataimakansa. Burinsa shi ne ya wuce rafin zuwa Chongqing . Koyaya, Tang bai sami hanyar wuce ramukan ba lokacin da sojojin ƙasa da Fu Youde ke ba da umarni ke ci gaba da tafiya, kuma Tang ya rasa imani bayan yaƙe -yaƙe da yawa. Daga ƙarshe, Liao Yuanzhong, wanda duk aikin sa ya kasance kan ruwa, ya sami hanyar da zai bi ta jirgin ruwan sa, kuma duk sojojin ruwan sun sami damar ci gaba da ruwa. Chongqing ya fadi a farkon watan Agusta, yayin da Chengdu kuma ya mika kansa a cikin wannan watan. Lokacin da Tang ya koma wurin sarki a watan Nuwamba, sarki ya yanke hukunci ladar wannan kamfen na Liao Yuanzhong da Fu Youde, saboda rashin isasshen aikin Tang.

Tsaro daga Mongols

A shekara ta 1372, Tang ya umarci daya daga cikin rundunonin yaki da 'yan kabilar Mongoliya a arewa, kuma a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta, a tsaunin Duantou, ya sha kashi sosai. Bayan watanni biyu kawai, Köke Temür ya ci babban sojojin Xu Da. Bayan wannan, sarkin ya yanke shawarar saita matsayin tsaro a arewa. Tang da kansa ba a hukunta shi ba saboda wannan asara, kuma a watan Afrilu na shekara mai zuwa, an naɗa shi shugaban rundunar soji a iyakar arewa.

A cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, Tang ya sa ido kan horar da sojoji, kafuwar yankunan soji, da gyaran bangon Beiping da Zhangde. A ƙarshen 1374, an sake kiran Tang zuwa Nanjing na ɗan lokaci, amma a watan Fabrairu 1375, ya koma mazaunin sojojin a Shanxi. Mutuwar Köke Temür a cikin wannan shekarar ta rage matsin lamba na yankin arewa na ɗan lokaci, amma ba da daɗewa ba Boyan Temür ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin jagoran Mongols kuma ya mamaye Shanxi. Tun farkon 1376, Tang, tare da Fu Youde da wasu janar -janar da yawa, sun zauna a Shanxi kuma sun yi tsayayya da mamayewa daga Mongoliya kusan shekaru biyu, har Boyan Temür ya bar yankin.

Ƙarshen aikin

A watan Fabrairun 1378, Tang He ya zama Duke na Xinguo. A cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, Tang ya jagoranci horar da sojoji a yankin arewa maso yamma. A farkon shekarar 1381, Tang, a matsayin mataimakin Xu Da, ya samu babban nasara a yakin da ake yi da 'yan kabilar Mongoliya, kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa a sabuwar yankin da aka mamaye shekaru masu zuwa. Sannan a shekara ta 1383, an aika da Tang don ya jagoranci sojoji a Yong Ning, Sichuan, kuma a shekara mai zuwa ya duba sojoji da yankunan da sojoji ke mallaka a Fujian da Zhejiang domin inganta tsaro kan 'yan fashin teku na Japan (Wokou).

A shekara ta 1385, sarki ya aiko da dansa na shida, sarkin Chu, Zhu Zhen, don murkushe tawaye a Guizhou da aka sani da tawayen kabilar Wumian. An aika Tang a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman ga yariman, da kuma a matsayin ainihin kwamanda. Bayan yakin neman zabe, Tang ya kama 'yan tawaye dubu arba'in kuma ya kwantar da lardin a cikin' yan watanni. Bayan ya dawo babban birnin kasar a watan Fabrairu, 1386, Tang ya nemi izinin sarkin don yin ritaya. Ko da yake roƙonsa ya burge shi, Zhu Yuan Zhang ya yi tunanin Tang har yanzu yana da ƙarfi kuma ya ba shi aiki mafi sauƙi don kula da tsaron teku a Zhejiang. A watan Yuli na shekarar 1388, Tang ya sake gabatar da wata bukata, wadda aka amince da ita. Sarki ya sallame shi da lada mai yawa.

Shekaru na baya da kimantawa

A ranar Sabuwar Shekara ta 1390, Tang ya rasa muryarsa bayan ya kamu da bugun jini, kuma bayan haka kawai ya fito bainar jama'a. Yanayin lafiyarsa ya tsananta a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Daga ƙarshe, Tang He ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Yuli 1395 yana ɗan shekara sittin da tara. Tang an ba shi mukamin sarautar Dongwa, kuma an ba shi suna Duke Xinguo. Kodayake ya harzuka sarki sau ɗaya kuma ana iya yanke masa hukunci a matsayin babban kwamanda, Tang ya riƙe ni'imar Zhu Yuanzhang har ƙarshe. Amincewar da ya samu daga sarkin ya dogara ne akan kyakkyawar abokantaka tun yana ƙanana, da goyon bayan da yake bayarwa a lokacin da aka ƙalubalanci Zhu. Wannan amana ta ci gaba bayan 1380, saboda Tang yana shirye ya ba da umurninsa a lokacin da Zhu ke jan ragamar mulkin soja. Tang misali ne na wani baƙauye wanda ya hau mulki da shahara a farkon daular Ming.

Iyali

Tang Yana da 'ya'ya maza biyar. Mafi tsufa, Tang Li, daga baya ya kai matsayin mataimakiyar kwamishina, amma an soke sarkin. A shekara ta 1492, sarki Zhu Youtang ya nada zuriyar Tang a cikin zuriya ta shida, Tang Shaozong, a matsayin babban mai gadin rigar kayan ado a Nanjing. Nasabarsa ta sami taken gado na marquis na Lingbi, da albashin shekara -shekara na 1000 Shi wanda aka gada har zuwa ƙarshen daular Ming. Tang Har ila yau, yana da 'ya'ya mata biyar, babba ta zama ƙwarƙwarar ɗanta na goma na Zhu Yuanzhang, Zhu Tan, kuma' yar uwarta ta maye gurbin ta a watan Agusta 1387 bayan rasuwar ta.

Manazarta

Sin Radio International [da Turanci: China Radio International] (CRI) gidan rediyo ne na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin (PRC). A halin yanzu hedkwatarsa ​​na a Babaoshan, wani subdistrict na Beijing. Da Radio Beijing, da kuma asali Radio Peking, da aka kafa a 3 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1941.

CRI adopts da PRC gwamnatin ta ra'ayi a kan siyasa al'amurran da suka shafi irin su siyasa matsayi na Taiwan da matsayi na Dalai Lama. CRI fitattu inganta m dangantakar tsakanin PRC da kuma duniya. Kamar yadda tare da wasu kasashe 'external gabatarda shirye shiryen kamar Muryar Amurka, BBC Radio kuma Australia, CRI taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin PRC ta taushi ikon dabarun.

Ya na 30 ofisoshin kasashen waje, da kuma watsa shirye 1.520 hours na shirye-shirye a kowace rana (24 hours a Turanci), ciki har da labarai, a halin yanzu harkokin, kuma fasali a kan siyasa, da tattalin arziki, al'adu, kimiyya da fasaha.

Fiye da 50 gajeren zango na tashar watsa ake amfani da su rufe mafi yawansu duniya. an watsa shirye-shirye via internet da yawa da tauraron dan adam. da shirye-shiryen da ake rebroadcast da yawa na gida FM da kuma AM gidajen rediyo a duk duniya.

Tarihi

Radio aka fara gabatar a kasar Sin a cikin shekarar 1920s kuma 1930s. Duk da haka, 'yan gidaje da rediyo masu karba. Bayan 'yan birane da kasuwanci tashoshin. Mai of rediyo ta kasance a gare siyasa manufa, akai-akai a kan wani gida yankin matakin.

Kasar Sin jam'iyyar kwaminis ta farko amfani da rediyo a Yanan a watan Maris shekarar 1940 da watsawa shigo da daga Moscow. Xinhua na kasar Sin Sabuwar Radio (XNCR) ya tafi a kan iska daga Yanan a watan Disamba 30, shekarar 1940. XNCR daukar kwayar cutar zuwa fi girma Gwargwadon yankin bayan shekarar 1945, da kuma shirye-shirye zama mafi yau da kullum da kuma slavonic tare da watsa shirye-shiryen na labarai, hukuma sanar, yaki karanta labarai, da kuma gwaninta da wallafe-wallafen shirye-shirye.

Da Turanci sabis fara a ranar 11 Ga watan Satumba, shekarar 1947, yada a matsayin XNCR daga wani kogo a Shahe a cikin Taihang Mountains, a lokacin da kasar Sin shi ne a tsakiyar wani yakin basasa, in bãyar sabuwar nasara da yankunan da watsa shirye-shirye a kasar Sin siyasa da al'adu hangen zaman gaba ga duniya baki daya. A tashar koma daga Taihang Mountains zuwa babban birnin kasar, Peking, a lõkacin da ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin da aka kafa a shekarar 1949. Da sunan da aka canza zuwa Radio Peking a 10 ga watan Afrilu , shekarar 1950 kuma zuwa Radio Beijing a shekarar 1983. A 1 ga watan Janairu , shekarar 1993 sunan tashar aka sake canza, wannan lokaci zuwa kasar Sin Radio International, domin kauce wa duk wani rikice da na gida Beijing rediyo watsa labarai.

M kalaman / kasa da kasa watsa labarai

CRI watsa shirye via gajeren zango na tashar radio, tauraron dan adam da yanar-gizo a cikin harshen Turanci da kuma sauran harsuna da yawa (duba ƙasa). Haka kuma akwai m AM da FM relays.

Gajeren zango na tashar watsa shirye-shiryen a Turanci da ake niyya a Arewacin Amirka, Caribbean, Turai, Afirka, Asiya da Pacific ta Kudu. CRI kula kai tsaye gajeren zango na tashar watsa shirye-shiryen zuwa raya, kafofin watsa labarai mai arzikin kasashen, a Arewacin Amirka da Turai, kamar yadda manyan yammacin gabatarda shirye shiryen (kamar BBC World Service, Muryar Amurka da kuma Radio Netherlands) rage ko yanke irin wannan watsa shirye-shiryen.

Shirye-shirye

Mandarin Channel

A farkon shekarar 1984, shi ya fara watsa shirye-shirye gida sabis na Beijing yankin a AM da FM mitoci. Da sabis daga baya fadada zuwa dama, manyan birane a fadin PRC, samar da sauraro a cikin PRC da labarai da rahotanni dace, music, weather, Turanci da kasar Sin koyo basira, kazalika da sauran ayyuka.

CRI News Radio (90.5 FM)

CRI News Radio (CRI 环球 资讯 广播) da aka kafa a ranar 28 ga Satumba 2005, wanda ya riƙi amfani da CRI ta 'yan jarida daga ko ina cikin duniya, kuma bayar da rahoton kasa da kasa (da kuma partially gida) labarai, wasanni, nisha da kuma salon shirye-shirye domin cikin gida sauraro a Mandarin na kasar Sin. Da nufin yin CRI News Radio na farko-aji na kasa labarai rediyo iri da taken ne 'Na farko News, News Farko', 'A-da-Spot kasar Sin, Live Duniya' da dai sauransu. CRI News Radio za a iya ji online da kuma a birnin Beijing a radiyo a kan 90.5 FM; a Tianjin 90.6 FM; a Chongqing 91.7 FM; a Guangdong, Hong Kong, da kuma Macau 107.1 FM; a Shandong 89.8 FM; a Anhui 90,1 FM.

Sin kwasfan fayiloli

Da wadannan shirye-shirye da za a iya ji a Mandarin version daga cikin podcast daga World Radio Network:

• News (China:新闻节目PinYin: Xin Wen jiè Mu), wanda ya zo daga kasar News Agency.
• Tángrénjiē (China:唐人街Turanci translation: "Chinatown"), a shirin game da kasashen waje na kasar Sin (China waje)
• Hasashen yanayi a kusa da kasar Sin
• Wasanni

Wannan watsa shirye-shirye da aka asali niyya a London a cikin United Kingdom. A shekara ta 2006, suka kawar da "London" tunani, wanda shi ne wani ɓangare na gabatarwar a matsayin "Ni Hao London. Sannu London "

Turanci Channel

CRI a Turanci (88.0 FM, 88,7 FM, 91,5 FM, 846 AM, 1008 AM)

Da CRI Hausa tashoshi da za a iya ji online su ne:

• Round the Clock (Internet kawai)
• News Centre(846 AM a birnin Beijing)
• Hit FM (88.7 FM a birnin Beijing (24H duk rana), 88.5 FM a Guangzhou (06: 00-21: 00 lokacin Beijing))
• Easy FM (91.5 FM a birnin Beijing (24H duk rana), 87.9 FM a birnin Shanghai (Shanghai Edition) (24H duk rana), 98.5 FM a Lanzhou)
• Language Studio (1008 AM a birnin Beijing) - wani sa'a ​​daya shirin da ya koyar da Turanci ga wanda ya san kawai Mandarin (ba za a gauraye da Chinese Studio). Shirin sauti kamar kindergarten Turanci darasi a Amurka ta yin amfani da mai sauqi qwarai sentences (misali Mary goes to the bank).
• CRI 91.9 FM (Kenya 91.9 FM)
• Chinese Studio ne mai 5 minti kashi cewa ya bi mafi CRI Hausa shirye-shirye
• China Drive ne Turanci rediyo show game da rayuwa a cikin PRC
• CRI FM 102 a Sri Lanka a Sinhala, Tamil, Turanci da kasar Sin (05: 30-19: 30 lokacin Sri Lanka)

CRIENGLISH.com Archived 2021-03-18 at the Wayback Machine yayi wani m kewayon abun ciki na bidiyo a kan ta video channel Archived 2015-03-15 at the Wayback Machine , ciki har da da dama flagship nuna rufe music, fina-finai da kuma comedy. da cikin hannu na m shirin gaskiya style guntun wando focussing on al'ada da tafiya a cikin kasar Sin.

Turanci Taskar labarai

Da Turanci podcast daga World Radio Network hada da wadannan shirye-shirye, duk wanda aka taka leda a Easy FM, CRI 91.9 FM a Kenya, kuma a gidajen rediyo a ko'ina cikin duniya.

• Hourly News
• The Beijing Hour (maye gurbin weekday 'News & Reports' tun farkon 2010)
• News & Reports
• People in the Know
• Press Clippings
• Studio Plus
• Today
• China Drive
• Realtime China
• Africa Express
• Chinese Studio (tallafa ta Bridge School)

Holiday watsa shirye-shiryen

A lokacin manyan Sin holidays (An Kwafa Golden Week), irin su kasar Sin Sabuwar Shekara, May Day, da kuma tsakiyar-Autumn Festival, kasar Sin Radio International yawanci watsa shirye na musamman shirye-shirye kamar:

• Girma Up A kasar Sin (a lokacin May Day biki)

Mafi yawa daga shirye-shirye ba hali na watsa shirye-shirye a lokacin da wasu sassa na shekara. Da misalin shi ne kama da Kirsimeti music watsa shirye-shiryen, a Amirka.

Harsuna

Sin Radio International watsa shirye-shiryen da wadannan harsunan:

Da Tibet, da Uygur da kuma Kazakh ayyuka suna watsa shirye-shirye cikin tarayya, da na gida rediyo (Tibet Jama'ar kasar Broadcasting Station kuma Xinjiang Jama'ar kasar Broadcasting Station).

Olympics Radio

A watan Yuli 2006, CRI ta kaddamar da wani sabon rediyo tashar da ake kira CRI Olympic Radio a 900 AM a birnin Beijing. Wannan na musamman watsa shirye-shirye da aka yi a Mandarin, Yaren mutanen Koriya, Turanci, Rasha, Faransa, Mutanen Espanya, Larabci, Japan da Jamus 24 hours a rana. Wannan sabis kare a marigayi 2008 da kuma a yanzu da mita 900 AM aka shagaltar da CRI News Radio (Beijing kawai).

References

External links

• CRI Hausa
• CRI English Archived 2020-12-05 at the Wayback Machine
• WCETV Archived 2014-05-12 at the Wayback Machine Free Online Stream
• List of short-wave frequencies and sites currently on-air
• Hawaii KHCM AM880 Archived 2010-05-28 at the Wayback Machine
• Beyond Beijing Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
• CRI News Radio Archived 2012-06-15 at the Wayback Machine
• Commentary about CRI in the US
• SWDXER ¨The SWDXER¨ - with general SWL information and radio antenna tips.
• Mr Science segment from China Drive
• The History of Culture and Mass Media in China
• Radio86, Chinese news and culture in 10 European languages Archived 2006-12-05 at the Wayback Machine

Tutar Sin ko China, a hukumance Tutar ƙasa ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin kuma galibi ana kiranta jar Tutar mai tauraro biyar ko (a cikin Sinanci) '' '五星 红旗' '', jajaye ne na Ƙasar Sin da aka caji canton (kusurwar sama mafi kusa da tutar) tare da taurari na zinari biyar. Tsarin ya ƙunshi babban tauraro ɗaya, tare da ƙaramin taurari huɗu a cikin da'irar da'irar da aka tashi zuwa kwari (gefen da ya fi nisa da sandar tutar). Ta kasance tutar kasar Sin tun kafuwar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin a ranar 1 ga Oktoban shekarar 1949 . Ja yana wakiltar juyin juya halin Kwaminis na ƙasar Sin da taurari biyar kuma alakar su da juna tana wakiltar haɗin kan jama'ar Sinawa ƙarƙashin jagorancin jam'iyyar kwaminis ta ƙasar Sin (CPC). Rundunar 'Yancin Jama'a (PLA) ta kafa tutar farko a kan gungumen da ke kallon dandalin Tiananmen na Beijing a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1949, a wani bikin sanar da kafuwar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin .

Tarihi

Tutocin farko

Tutar China ta baya ita ce " Tutar Zinare mai launin rawaya " da daular Qing ta yi amfani da ita - daular sarauta ta ƙarshe a tarihin China - daga 1862 har zuwa kifar da masarautar a lokacin juyin juya halin Xinhai. Tutar da aka karɓa a 1862 tana da kusurwa uku, amma daular ta karɓi sigar murabba'i na tutar Jegare a cikin 1889.

Jamhuriyar China

Canton (kusurwar sama a gefen hawan) ya samo asali ne daga " Shuɗin samaniya tare da farar rana " (青天白日旗; ) wanda Lu Haodong, shahidan Juyin Juya Halin Xinhai ya tsara . Ya gabatar da zanensa don wakiltar sojojin juyin-juya hali a bikin kaddamar da kungiyar sake fasalin kasar Sin, wata al'umma mai adawa da Qing a Hong Kong, a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 1895. Daga baya an karɓi wannan ƙirar azaman tutar jam'iyyar KMT da Rigunan Makamai na Jamhuriyar China . Sun Yat-sen ya ƙara sashin "ja Duniya" a cikin hunturu na 1906, yana kawo tutar zuwa tsarin zamani. A cewar George Yeo, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Singapore na wancan lokacin a shekarar 2011, a wancan zamanin, an dinka Shudin Samaniya tare da tutar Farar Rana a zauren tunawa da Sun Yat Sen Nanyang (wanda a da ake kira "Sun Yat Sen Villa") a Singapore ta Teo Eng Hock da matarsa. Tsarin da aka zana yana da ratsi goma tare da tutar Kuomintang a cikin gundumar da tayi kama da tutocin Amurka, Malaysia da Liberia .

A lokacin Tashin hankali na Wuchang a cikin 1911 wanda ya yi shelar Jamhuriya, rundunonin juyin juya hali daban -daban suna da tutoci daban -daban. An yi amfani da tutar "Blue Sky tare da Farin Rana" ta Lu Hao-tung a lardunan Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, da Guizhou . A Wuhan, an yi amfani da tutar mai taurarin rawaya 18 don wakiltar sassan gudanarwa 18 a lokacin. A Shanghai da arewacin China, an yi amfani da " 五色 mai launi biyar" (五色 旗; ) ( Race biyar a ƙarƙashin tutar Tarayyar )aya) na ratsi biyar a kwance waɗanda ke wakiltar manyan ƙasashe biyar na China : Han (ja), Manchu (rawaya), Mongol (shuɗi), Hui (fari), da Tibet (baƙi).

Lokacin da aka kafa gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Sin a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1912, majalisar dattijai ta zabi "Tutar mai kala biyar" a matsayin tutar kasa. Sojojin sun karɓi "Tutar Tauraruwar 18" kuma an karɓi tutar zamani azaman tutar sojan ruwa. Sun Yat-sen, duk da haka, bai ɗauki tutar mai launi biyar daidai ba, yana tunanin cewa tsarin kwance yana nufin matsayi ko aji kamar abin da ya wanzu a lokutan dynastic.

Bayan Shugaba Yuan Shikai ya karɓi ikon mulkin kama-karya a cikin 1913 ta hanyar rushe Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa da hana KMT, Sun Yat-sen ya kafa gwamnatin-gudun hijira a Tokyo kuma ya yi aiki da tutar zamani a matsayin tutar ROC ta ƙasa. Ya ci gaba da amfani da wannan ƙirar lokacin da KMT ta kafa gwamnatin kishiya a Guangzhou a 1917. An sanya tutar ta zamani a matsayin tutar kasa a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba 1928 bayan nasarar da aka samu a Yakin Arewacin da ya kifar da gwamnatin Beijing, duk da cewa har yanzu ana ci gaba da amfani da Tutar mai launi biyar ba tare da izini ba. Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan wannan banbancin da ake amfani da shi shine raunin son rai na yanki wanda jami'ai da 'yan arewacin China ke yi, waɗanda suka fifita Tutar mai launi biyar, a kan mutanen kudu kamar Cantonese /Hakka Sun Yat-sen.

A lokacin Yaƙin Sino-Japan na Biyu , Jafananci masu mamayewa sun kafa gwamnatoci daban-daban na tsana ta amfani da ƙirar tutoci da yawa. " Gwamnatin Gyaran Gwiwa ," wacce aka kafa a cikin Maris 1938 a Nanjing don haɓaka gwamnatoci daban-daban na 'yan tsana suna amfani da Tutar mai launi biyar. Lokacin da aka tsara Wang Jingwei ya karɓi gwamnatin da aka girka ta Japan a Nanjing a 1940, ya nemi ya yi amfani da tutar zamani a matsayin wata hanya don ƙalubalantar ikon Gwamnatin Ƙasa a Chongqing ƙarƙashin Chiang Kai-shek kuma ya sanya kansa a matsayin wanda ya cancanci maye gurbin. ga Sun Yat-sen. Koyaya, Jafananci sun fi son tutar mai launi biyar. A matsayin sulhu, Jafananci sun ba da shawarar ƙara alƙawarin rawaya mai kusurwa uku a saman tare da taken "Zaman Lafiya, Adawa da kwaminis Ginin ƙasa" (和平反共建國; ) a baki, amma Wang ya ƙi wannan. A ƙarshe, Wang da Jafananci sun yarda cewa za a yi amfani da tutar rawaya a waje har zuwa 1943, lokacin da aka yi watsi da tutar, ta bar gwamnatoci biyu masu hamayya da tuta ɗaya, kowannensu yana ikirarin cewa shi ne halattacciyar gwamnatin ƙasar China.

An bayyana tutar a cikin Mataki na shida na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1947 . Bayan yakin basasar kasar Sin a shekarar 1949, gwamnatin ROC karkashin jagorancin Chiang Kai-shek ta mayar da gwamnatin ta da cibiyoyin ta zuwa tsibirin Taiwan . A kan babban yankin, sojojin kwaminisanci na Mao Zedong sun kafa Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (PRC) kuma sun dauki tutar kasarsu. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba 1954, Dokar 中華民國 Ƙasa da Tutar Jamhuriyar China (中華民國國徽 國旗 法; ) ta Dokar Dokar Yuan ta ayyana girman, ma'auni, rabo, samarwa, da gudanar da aikin. tutar.

Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin

A ranar 4 ga Yuli 1949, ƙungiyar aiki ta shida na Kwamitin Shirye 新政治協商會議籌備會, PCNPCC) ya ƙirƙiri sanarwa don ƙaddamar da ƙira don tutar ƙasa. Bayan bita na gaba, an buga sanarwar a cikin Jaridun People Daily, Beiping Liberation News, Xinmin News, Dazhong Daily, Guangming Daily, Jinbu Daily da Tianjin Daily a tsakanin 15 - 26 Yuli. An kuma sanya jerin buƙatun tutar ƙasa a cikin sanarwar:

1. Halayen Sinanci (labarin ƙasa, ƙasa, tarihi, al'ada, da sauransu. );
2. Siffofin iko (gwamnatin dimokiradiyya ta mutane, jagorancin ma'aikata ke jagoranta kuma bisa ƙawancen ma'aikata da manoma);
3. Ya kamata siffar ta zama mai kusurwa huɗu kuma rabo mai faɗi ya zama 3: 2;
4. Launin yakamata ya zama ja mai haske (farkon daftarin sanarwa yana da launi kamar ja mai duhu, amma Zhou Enlai ya canza wannan zuwa ja mai haske).

Zeng Liansong, ɗan asalin Wenzhou, Zhejiang, yana aiki a Shanghai lokacin da sanarwar ta fito; yana son ƙirƙirar ƙirar tuta don bayyana kishin ƙasa ga sabuwar ƙasar. A tsakiyar watan Yuli, ya zauna a cikin sororsa a cikin tsawon dare da yawa don fito da kayayyaki. Wahalarsa ga ƙirar yanzu ta fito ne daga lura da yadda taurari ke haskawa a sararin sama. Ta haka ne ya yi tunanin karin magana ta kasar Sin, "ke marmarin taurari, 盼星星盼月亮, pàn xīngxīng pàn yuèliàng ), wanda ke nuna sha’awa. Ya ɗauki CPC a matsayin babban mai ceto (大救星, Da jiùxīng "babban ma'adanin tauraruwa") na jama'ar ƙasar Sin, alamar da mafi yawan taurarin tutar. Manufar ƙaramin taurari huɗu sun fito ne daga " A kan Mulkin Demokraɗiyya na Jama'a ", jawabin Mao Zedong, wanda ya ayyana jama'ar Sinawa da suka ƙunshi azuzuwan zamantakewa guda huɗu, wanda kuma a al'adance ana kiranta da al'adun Asiya a matsayin ayyuka huɗu (士農工商, shì nóng gōng shāng ) ("Malamai, Manoma, Ma'aikata, 'Yan Kasuwa"). Launin launin rawaya yana nuna cewa China mallakar mutanen China ce, " tseren rawaya ". Bayan ya yi cikakken bayani game da sanya taurarin da girman su (ya yi ƙoƙarin sanya dukkan taurarin a tsakiyar, amma yana tunanin wannan ya zama mara daɗi), ya aika da "Taurari Biyar a Filin Ja" (紅地五星旗, hóng dì wǔxīng qí ) zane ga kwamitin a tsakiyar watan Agusta.

A ranar 20 ga Agusta, tsakanin 2,992 zuwa 3,012 an aika kayayyaki zuwa kwamitin tutar, gami da shigar da membobin kwamitin da kansu kamar Guo Moruo da Tan Kah Kee . Daga ranar 16 zuwa 20 ga watan Agusta, an duba zane -zanen a otal din Beijing kuma an jera su zuwa jerin 38. An tattara waɗannan ƙirar cikin littafin mai suna A Reference of National Flag Designs (國旗圖案參考資料). Daga nan aka mika wannan littafin ga sabuwar taron ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa na jama'ar kasar Sin (CPPCC) don ci gaba da tattaunawa. Koyaya, ba a haɗa ƙirar Zeng ba har sai Tian Han ya sake zaɓar ta.

A safiyar ranar 23 ga Satumba, wakilan CPPCC sun tattauna tutocin ƙasar, amma ba su kai ga cimma matsaya ba. Wasu ba sa son alamar da Zeng ya haɗe da ƙananan taurari huɗu, kuma sun ce bai kamata ya haɗa da bourgeoisie ba. Zane Mao da sauran waɗanda suke so yana da katuwar tauraruwar zinare a kusurwa akan jan tuta wanda aka caje shi da sandar a kwance na zinariya. Amma Zhang Zhizhong ya yi adawa da wannan ƙirar sosai, wanda ya ga sandar zinare tana nuna alamar an raba China gida biyu. A wannan daren, Peng Guanghan (彭光涵) ya ba da shawarar ƙirar Zeng zuwa Zhou Enlai . Zhou ya gamsu da hakan kuma ya nemi a samar da kwafin mafi girma na zane. Tan Kah Kee ya kuma ba da shawara ga Mao da Zhou cewa halayen ikon suna fifiko kan halayen yanayin ƙasa na Sinawa, don haka babu buƙatar dagewa kan sandar zinariya da ke alamar Kogin Yellow . Bayan kwana biyu, Mao ya yi taro a ofishinsa game da tutar. Ya lallashe kowa da kowa ya yi amfani da ƙirar Zeng, tare da wasu canje -canje kaɗan. Dangane da tattaunawar da aka yi a baya a otal ɗin Beijing, an cire guduma da sila daga ƙirar Zeng tun da yayi kama da Tutar Tarayyar Soviet . A ranar 27 ga Satumban 1949, Zen ya canza fasalin Zeng gaba ɗaya ta Babban Taron CPPCC, wanda ya canza sunan tutar zuwa "Tuta mai tauraro biyar".

A ranar 29 ga Satumba, an buga sabon tutar a cikin Jaridar Jama'a, don haka wasu ƙananan hukumomi za su iya kwafin ƙirar. Mao Zedong ya buɗe tutar a hukumance kuma ya ɗaga shi a karon farko a dandalin Tiananmen na Beijing a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1949, a lokacin sanarwar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin . Zhao Wenrui (赵文瑞), mai dinkin ruwa wanda ya gama aikin kusan 1 a ranar 30 ga Satumba. Zeng ya sha wahalar gaskata cewa an zaɓi ƙirar sa, saboda ɓacewar guduma da sila daga babban tauraron. Duk da haka, a hukumance Babban Ofishin Gwamnatin Tsakiya ya taya shi murna a matsayin wanda ya zana tutar sannan ya karɓi yuan miliyan 5 saboda aikinsa.<refname="kong">Kong, Mark (1 October 1999). "The Worker Who Forged the Red Flag". Beijing This Month. Chinese Business World. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2009.</ref>

Alama

Dangane da fassarar gwamnatin a hukumance na tutar, ja ja yana nuna juyin juya halin Kwaminis na China . Taurari biyar da alakar su tana wakiltar hadin kan mutanen Sinawa karkashin jagorancin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta China . Gabatarwar taurari yana nuna cewa haɗin kai ya kamata ya mamaye cibiyar. A cikin ainihin bayanin tutar da Zeng ya yi, babban tauraron yana wakiltar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta China, kuma ƙaramin taurari huɗu da ke kewaye da babban tauraron suna alamta azuzuwan zamantakewa huɗu na Sabuwar Dimokraɗiyya ta China da aka ambata a cikin Mao " A kan Mulkin Demokraɗiya na Jama'a": ajin masu aiki, manoma, kananan bourgeoisie, da bourgeoisie na kasa. A wasu lokuta ana bayyana cewa taurari biyar na tutar suna wakiltar manyan kabilu biyar: Han Chinese, Zhuangs, Hui Chinese, Manchus da Uyghurs . Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar wannan a matsayin ɓarna mai ɓarna tare da tutar "Ƙungiyoyi Biyar a Ƙungiya Daya" , wanda gwamnatin Beiyang ta Jamhuriyar China ta yi amfani da ita a shekarar 1912-28, wanda ratsin launi daban-daban ya wakilci Han Sin, Hui Chinese, Manchus, Mongols da Tibet. .

Tutocin Tarihi

Hotuna

Manazarta

Sinima na kasar Sin ɗaya ne daga cikin fitattun zaren tarihi guda uku na fina-finai na Sinanci tare da sinima na Hong Kong da kuma gidan sinima na Taiwan .

An fara gabatar da sinima a kasar Sin a shekarar 1896 kuma an fara yin fim din Sinanci na farko, dutsen Dingjun a shekarar 1905 . A farkon shekarun da suka gabata masana'antar fina-finai ta ta'allaka ne kan Shanghai . Fim ɗin sauti na farko, Sing-Song Girl Red Peony, ta yin amfani da fasahar sauti-kan-faifai, an yi shi a cikin 1931 . A shekarun 1930, wanda aka yi la'akari da "Lokacin Zinare" na farko na fina-finan Sinanci, ya ga zuwan motsin fina-finai na hagu. Rikicin da ke tsakanin ' yan kishin kasa da na gurguzu ya bayyana a cikin fina-finan da aka shirya. Bayan da Japan ta mamaye kasar Sin da mamayar birnin Shanghai, masana'antar da ke birnin ta ragu sosai, inda 'yan fim suka koma Hong Kong, Chungking (Chongqing) da sauran wurare. An fara wani lokacin "Tsibirin Kadaici" a Shanghai, inda masu shirya fina-finai da suka rage suka yi aiki a cikin rangwamen na waje . Gimbiya Iron Fan (1941), fim ɗin fasalin fim na farko na Sinanci, an sake shi a ƙarshen wannan lokacin. Ya rinjayi raye-rayen Jafananci na lokacin yaƙi kuma daga baya Osamu Tezuka . Bayan mamayar da ta mamaye gaba dayanta a shekara ta 1941, kuma har zuwa karshen yakin a shekara ta 1945, masana'antar fim a birnin ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon ƙasar Japan.

Bayan kawo ƙarshen yaƙin, an gudanar da bikin zinare na biyu, inda aka ci gaba da samar da kayayyaki a birnin Shanghai. Spring in a Small Town (1948) an nada shi mafi kyawun fim na harshen Sinanci a lambar yabo ta 24th na Hong Kong . Bayan juyin juya halin gurguzu a shekarar 1949, an dakatar da fina-finan cikin gida da aka riga aka fitar da kuma wasu zabukan fina-finan kasashen waje a shekarar 1951, wanda ke nuna alamar tace fina-finai a kasar Sin . Duk da haka, yawan halartar fina-finai ya karu sosai. A lokacin juyin juya halin al'adu, an takure masana'antar fim sosai, wanda ya kusan tsayawa daga 1967 zuwa 1972. Masana'antar ta bunƙasa bayan ƙarshen juyin juya halin al'adu, gami da "wasan kwaikwayo na tabo" na shekarun 1980, irin su Rain Maraice (1980), Legend of Tianyun Mountain (1980) da Hibiscus Town (1986), wanda ke nuna raunin tunani da ya bari. lokaci. Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1980 zuwa karshen 1980, tare da fina-finai irin su Daya da Takwas (1983) da Yellow Earth (1984), tasowar karni na biyar ya kara samun karbuwa ga fina-finan kasar Sin a kasashen waje, musamman a tsakanin masu kallo a gidajen fasaha na yammacin duniya. Fina-finai kamar Red Sorghum (1987), Labarin Qiu Ju (1992) da Farewell My Concubine (1993) sun sami manyan lambobin yabo na duniya. Motsi ya ƙare a wani bangare bayan zanga-zangar Tiananmen Square na 1989 . Bayan shekara ta 1990, an sami bunkasuwar zuriya ta shida da bayan karni na shida, kuma galibinsu suna yin fina-finai ne a wajen babban tsarin fina-finan kasar Sin, wadanda suka fi yin wasannin da'irar fina-finai na kasa da ƙasa.

Bayan nasarar kasuwancin kasa da kasa na fina-finai irin su Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) da Hero (2002), adadin hada-hadar fina-finai na Sinanci ya karu kuma an sami motsi na fina-finai na Sinanci zuwa wani yanki. babban tasiri na kasa da kasa. Bayan da Kamfanin Dream Factory (1997) ya nuna ingancin samfurin kasuwanci, kuma tare da bunkasuwar ofishin akwatin gidan kasar Sin a cikin sabon karni, fina-finan kasar Sin sun karya tarihin akwatin ofishin, kuma daga Janairu 2017, 5 daga cikin 10 mafi girma. Fina-finan da suka samu karbuwa a kasar Sin na cikin gida ne. Batattu a Tailandia (2012) shine fim ɗin Sinanci na farko da ya kai CN¥1 billion a ofishin akwatin akwatin kasar Sin. Monster Hunt (2015) shine farkon wanda ya isa CN¥2 billion . Mermaid (2016) shine farkon zuwa CN¥3 billion . Wolf Warrior 2 (2017) ya doke su ya zama fim mafi girma a China.

Kasar Sin ita ce gida mafi girma na fina-finai da hadaddun shirya wasan kwaikwayo da kuma gidajen shirya fina-finai a duniya, da Oriental Movie Metropolis da Hengdian World Studios, kuma a cikin 2010 tana da masana'antar fina-finai mafi girma ta uku ta yawan fina-finan da aka samar. kowace shekara. A shekara ta 2012 kasar ta zama kasuwa ta biyu mafi girma a duniya ta hanyar karbar akwatin ofishin. A cikin 2016, babban akwatin akwatin a China ya kasance CN¥45.71 billion ( US$6.58 billion ). Ƙasar tana da mafi girman adadin allo a duniya tun 2016, kuma ana sa ran za ta zama babbar kasuwa ta wasan kwaikwayo ta 2019. Har ila yau, kasar Sin ta zama babbar cibiyar kasuwanci ta fina-finan Hollywood.

A watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2016, kasar Sin wuce wani fim dokar banning ciki zaton cutarwa ga "mutunci, daukaka da kuma bukatun" na kasar da kuma karfafa gabatarwa "gurguzu core dabi'u", amince da majalisar wakilan jama'ar kasar zaunannen kwamitin. Saboda dokokin masana'antu, yawanci ana barin fina-finai su zauna a gidajen kallo na tsawon wata ɗaya. Koyaya, ɗakunan studio na iya amfani da masu gudanarwa don a tsawaita iyaka.

Farko

An gabatar da hotuna masu motsi zuwa China a cikin 1896. Kasar Sin ta kasance daya daga cikin kasashen farko da aka fara nuna fina-finai, saboda Louis Lumière ya aike da mai daukar hotonsa zuwa Shanghai shekara guda bayan ya kirkiro fina-finai . A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1896, an gudanar da bikin nuna hoton fim na farko a kasar Sin a birnin Shanghai, a matsayin "aiki" kan kudirin doka iri-iri. Fim na farko na kasar Sin, na opera na wasan opera na Peking, dutsen Dingjun, an yi shi ne a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1905 a birnin Beijing . A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, kamfanonin samar da kayayyaki galibi mallakar kasashen waje ne, kuma masana'antar shirya fina-finai ta cikin gida ta ta'allaka ne kan Shanghai, wurin samun bunkasuwar kasuwanci kuma birni mafi girma a Gabas mai Nisa . A shekara ta 1913, Zheng Zhengqiu da Zhang Shichuan sun yi fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Sinanci mai zaman kansa, Ma'aurata masu wahala, a Shanghai. Daga nan Zhang Shichuan ya kafa kamfanin shirya fina-finai na farko mallakar kasar Sin a shekarar 1916. Fim na farko mai cikakken tsayi shine Yan Ruisheng (閻瑞生) wanda aka saki a cikin 1921. wanda ya kasance docudrama game da kisan gillar da aka yi wa wata kotu ta Shanghai, ko da yake fim din ya yi yawa da ba za a taba ganin ya samu nasara a kasuwanci ba. A cikin shekarun 1920 masu fasahar fina-finai daga Amurka sun horar da masu fasahar Sinawa a Shanghai, kuma an ci gaba da samun tasirin Amurka a can cikin shekaru ashirin masu zuwa. Tun da har yanzu fim ɗin yana kan matakin farko na bunƙasa, yawancin fina-finan Sinanci na shiru a wannan lokacin ba su kasance kawai wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo ko gajeren wando ba, kuma horarwa ba ta da yawa ta fuskar fasaha saboda wannan lokaci ne na fim ɗin gwaji.

Daga baya, bayan gwaji da kuskure, kasar Sin ta sami damar yin wahayi daga dabi'u na al'ada kuma ta fara samar da fina- finai na wasan kwaikwayo, wanda na farko shine Burning of Red Lotus Temple (1928). Konewar Temple na Red Lotus ya yi nasara sosai a ofishin akwatin, shirin na Star Motion Pictures (Mingxing) ya yi fim din wasu abubuwa guda 18, wanda ke nuna farkon fina-finan wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Sin mai daraja. A cikin wannan lokacin ne wasu daga cikin manyan kamfanonin samar da kayayyaki suka fara zama, musamman Mingxing da Tianyi 'yan'uwan Shaw ("Na musamman"). Mingxing, wanda Zheng Zhengqiu da Zhang Shichuan suka kafa a shekarar 1922, da farko ya mai da hankali kan gajeren wando na barkwanci, ciki har da cikakken fim din kasar Sin mafi dadewa da ya tsira, mai suna Labour's Love (1922). Ba da daɗewa ba wannan ya canza, duk da haka, zuwa fina-finai masu tsayi da wasan kwaikwayo na iyali ciki har da Kakan Ceto marayu (1923). A halin yanzu, Tianyi sun karkata samfurinsu zuwa wasan kwaikwayo na al'ada, kuma sun tura zuwa kasuwannin waje; Fim ɗinsu na White Snake (1926) ya nuna misali na nasarar da suka samu a cikin al'ummomin Sinawa na kudu maso gabashin Asiya. A shekara ta 1931, an fara yin fim ɗin sauti na farko na Sinawa Sing-Song Girl Red Peony, sakamakon haɗin gwiwar da aka yi tsakanin kamfanonin shirya hotuna na kamfanin Mingxing da fasahar sauti na Pathé Frères. Koyaya, an yi rikodin sautin diski, wanda aka buga a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo in-sync tare da aikin akan allon. Na farko sauti-on-fim talkie yi a kasar Sin ko dai Spring on Stage (歌場春色) ta Tianyi, ko Clear Sky After Storm na Great China Studio da Jinan Studio. Fina-finan kade-kade, irin su Song at Midnight (1937) da Street Angels (1937), wanda Zhou Xuan ya fito, ya zama daya daga cikin fina-finan da suka fi shahara a kasar Sin.

Sources

Ci gaba da karatu

• Carlo Celli. "Kasar Sin Confucian, Misogynistic Nationalism" Asalin kasa a Cinema na Duniya: Yadda Fina-finai ke Bayyana Duniya . Palgrave MacMillan 2013, 1-22.
• Rey Chow, Ƙaunar Farko: Kayayyakin gani, Jima'i, Ƙa'idar Halitta, da Cinema na Sinanci na zamani, Jami'ar Columbia Press 1995.
• Cheng, Jim, Ƙididdigar Littafi Mai Tsarki don Nazarin Fina-finan Sinanci, Jami'ar Hong Kong Press 2004.
• Shuqin Cui, Mata ta hanyar Lens: Jinsi da Al'umma a cikin ƙarni na Cinema na kasar Sin, Jami'ar Hawaii Press 2003.
• Dai Jinhua, Cinema and Desire: Marxism Feminist and Cultural Politics in the Work of Dai Jinhua, eds. Jing Wang da Tani E. Barlow. London: 2002.
•  978-1476615523
•  
• Harry H. Kuoshu, Celluloid China: Cinematic Haɗuwa da Al'adu da Al'umma, Jami'ar Kudancin Illinois Press 2002 - Gabatarwa, ya tattauna fina-finai 15 a tsayi.
• Jay Leyda, Dianyang, MIT Press, 1972.
• Laikwan Pang, Gina Sabuwar Sin a Cinema: Ƙungiyar Cinema ta Hagu-Wing ta Sin, 1932-1937, Rowman & Littlefield Pub Inc 2002.
•  9782858502639
• Raya, Christopher. Classic Fina-finan Sinanci, 1922-1949. New York: Jami'ar Columbia Press, 2021. ISBN 9780231188135
• Seio Nakajima. 2016. "Tsarin asali, tsari da sauyi na filin wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Sin na zamani: haɗin kai na duniya da na kasa." Kafofin watsa labarai na Duniya da Sadarwa Juzu'i na 12, Lamba 1, shafi 85-108. [1]
• Zhen Ni, Chris Berry, Memoirs Daga Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Beijing, Jami'ar Duke Press 2002.
• Semsel, George, ed. "Fim ɗin Sinanci: Yanayin Fasaha a Jamhuriyar Jama'a", Praeger, 1987.
• Semsel, George, Xia Hong, da Hou Jianping, ed. Ka'idar Fina-Finan Sinawa: Jagora ga Sabon Zamani, Praeger, 1990.
• Semsel, George, Chen Xihe, da Xia Hong, ed. Fim a China na Zamani: Muhawara Mai Mahimmanci, 1979-1989, Praeger, 1993.
• Gary G. Xu, Sinascape: Cinema na Sinanci na zamani, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007.
• Emilie Yueh-yu Yeh da Darrell William Davis. 2008. "Sake dawo da masana'antar fina-finai ta kasar Sin: nazari kan rukunin fina-finai na kasar Sin da tallata fina-finai." Mujallar Cinema ta kasar Sin Juzu'i na 2, fitowa ta 1, shafi na 37–51. [2]
• Yingjin Zhang (Mawallafi), Zhiwei Xiao (Mawallafi, Edita), Encyclopedia na Fim ɗin Sinanci, Routledge, 1998.
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Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

• Classic Film Classics - gidan yanar gizon da aka shirya a Jami'ar British Columbia tare da fina-finai na farko na Sinanci sama da 20 tare da fassarar Turanci, kwas ɗin kan layi akan silima na farko na Sinanci, da sauran albarkatu.
• Chinese Cinema a Curlie
• Jaridar kasar Sin Cinema
• Cibiyar Albarkatun MCLC-Media
• Madubin Sinawa - Jaridar Tarihin Fina-Finan Sinawa

Manazarta